Writes essay for you: 2020

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Deudas, mal crÃƒÂ©dito, bancarrota y efectos migratorios

Deudas, mal crÃ£ ©dito, bancarrota y efectos migratorios Al iniciar un trmite migratorio como, por ejemplo, una peticiÃ£ ³n de recognizable o naturalizaciÃ£ ³n para obtener la ciudadanÃ£ a History of the U.S es comÃ£ ºn preguntarse si las deudas pendientes, un mal crÃ£ ©dito o la bancarrotaÃ¢ pueden afectar negativamente a la solicitud. La razÃ£ ³n de esa preocupaciÃ£ ³n nace, por una parte, del requisito de tener una situaciÃ£ ³n econÃ£ ³mica saneada para solicitar ciertos beneficios migratorios, como por ejemplo la peticiÃ£ ³n de cÃ£ ³nyuge, hijos, hermanos o padres y, por otro, porque cierto tipo de deudas impide que salgan adelante peticiones migratorias.Ã¢ Por su importancia, en este artÃ£ culo se explica en quÃ£ © casos yÃ¢ cÃ£ ³mo esas situaciones pueden afectar a los casos migratorios, destacando en preliminary lugar cuando child irrelevantes y, en segundo lugar, cuando sÃ£ se tienen en cuenta a la hora de decidir si se aprueba o no una peticiÃ£ ³n migratoria. Adems, se seÃ£ ±alan quÃ£ © beneficios recibidos del gobierno se consideran carga pÃ£ ºblica y, por lo tanto, afectan negativamente y, por otro lado, cules se pueden recibir sin problemas porque no tienen consecuencias migratorias. Casos en los que las deudas y mal crÃ£ ©dito no tienen consecuencias migratorias Si se tiene una deuda por no pagar, por ejemplo, a la compaÃ£ ±Ã£ a de telÃ£ ©fono, una deuda privada, la factura de un mÃ£ ©dico, and so on, no tiene generalmente efectos ni consulares ni migratorios negativas. Es decir, no afecta a lo que se resuelve con respecto a la peticiÃ£ ³n. Y ello es asÃ£ porque se considera que child asuntos civiles. Lo mismo sucede con el mal crÃ£ ©dito. En el caso de peticiones para un natural de la tarjeta de residencia permanente, tambiÃ£ ©n conocida comoÃ¢ green card,Ã¢ lo que importa es que el solicitante tenga ingresos y/o patrimonioÃ¢ suficientes y demostrables para cubrir las obligaciones del affirmation of help, tambiÃ£ ©n conocido como declaraciÃ£ ³n de sostenimiento. Si tiene mal crÃ£ ©dito o deuda pendiente, es irrelevante. Casos en los que las malas finanzas sÃ£ tienen efectos migratorios Cuando la deuda se convierte en un asunto correctional, como por ejemplo, en una estafa u otros semejantes entonces sÃ£ que tiene efectos migratorios y puede ser causa para que nieguen visas, peticiones de residencia permanente o de ciudadanÃ£ a por naturalizaciÃ£ ³n. TambiÃ£ ©n puede ser una causa para que se impida en el control de paso migratorioÃ¢ el ingreso an Estados Unidos de un extranjero. Si la deuda es con la Hacienda de Estados Unidos (IRS), tambiÃ£ ©n es un problema que feed que resolver bets de iniciar los trmites con inmigraciÃ£ ³n o los consulados. Si la deuda es mÃ£ ©dica y el importe de la factura lo pagÃ£ ³ Medicaid, tambiÃ£ ©n puede ser muy problemtico si se considera que fue un caso de carga pÃ£ ºblica. Por ejemplo, si una mujer extranjera tiene an un bebÃ£ © en Estados Unidos y no paga por el parto y luego se regresa a su paÃ£ s, tanto esa mam como el pap el bebÃ£ © pueden perder la visa de turista. Con el agravante de que no feed forma de salirse de este problema en concreto. Si se trata de una deuda por no pagar pensiÃ£ ³n alimenticia (youngster support), segÃ£ ºn las circunstancias del caso puede tener como consecuencia que no se pueden obtener visas americanas, ni la residencia permanente y la ciudadanÃ£ a por naturalizaciÃ£ ³n. Y, en casos extremos, puede dar lugar incluso a la deportaciÃ£ ³n. Incluso, dependiendo del monto de la deuda, los ciudadanos americanos pueden encontrase con que no pueden sacar el pasaporte y, por lo tanto, no pueden viajar internacionalmente. Destacar que el kid support puede ser solicitado no sÃ£ ³lo para niÃ£ ±os que viven en Estados Unidos sino tambiÃ£ ©n en el caso de residir en otros paÃ£ ses cuando tienen an al menos el padre o la madre viviendo en Estados Unidos. En estos casos, tener en cuenta queÃ¢ la Embajada History of the U.S en el paÃ£ s de residencia del menor no puede ayudar en estos casos. La razÃ£ ³n es que este es un tema de los estados,Ã¢ no del gobierno government. Algunos paÃ£ ses, comoÃ‚ MÃƒ ©xico, tienen firmados acuerdos de reclamo de pensiÃ£ ³n alimenticia con varios estados.Ã‚ En los casos en los que no roughage stories acuerdos y se desea exigir el pago de dicha pensiÃ£ ³n, contactar con la agencia deÃ¢ child supportÃ¢ del estado en el que vive el pap o la mam. O contratar an unÃ¢ abogado en dicho estado. Adems, tener en cuenta que el tener un pap que es estadounidenseÃ¢ no da automticamente derecho an adquirir la ciudadanÃ£ a americanaÃ¢ cuando se nace fuera de los Estados Unidos. AdemsÃ¢ que en el caso de reclamar pensiones de alimentos en el caso de niÃ£ ±os nacidos fuera de matrimonio primero es necesarioÃ¢ establecer legalmente la filiaciÃ£ ³n. QuÃ£ © beneficios child considerados como una carga pÃ£ ºblica Uno de los requisitos legales para ser admisible a los Estados Unidos es no ser considerado una carga pÃ£ ºblica. Y es que por esta causa se pueden negar un amplio abanico de peticiones o concerns migratorias como, por ejemplo, unaÃ¢ visa no inmigrante o una visa inmigrante o el ajuste de Estatus o para adquirir la ciudadanÃ£ a por naturalizaciÃ£ ³n. Se considera que es una carga pÃ£ ºblica haber recibido del gobierno beneficios monetarios como, por ejemplo, el Suplemento de Ingresos de Seguridad (SSI, por sus siglas en inglÃ£ ©s), o Asistencia Temporal a Familias en NecesidadÃ‚ (TANF, por sus siglas en inglÃ£ ©s). Destacar que estos beneficios pueden recibir otros nombres dependiendo del estado. Por ejemplo,Ã¢ en California al programa TANF se le conoce como CalWorks. Finalmente, tener en cuenta que la regla general sobre los efectos migratorios de recibir beneficios considerados como carga pÃ£ ºblica tiene importantes excepciones. Por ejemplo, asilados y refugiados pueden recibir TANF y SSI sin problemas. QuÃ£ © beneficios no se consideran carga pÃ£ ºblica Se puede recibir del gobierno sin problemas WIC para infantes y embarazadas, cupones o estampillas de alimentos, que en California reciben el nombre de Calfresh. Asimismo, se puede aceptar ayuda a la vivienda o para guarderÃ£ as, Headstar o Medicaid para menores. En otras palabras, recibir este tipo deÃ¢ beneficios no perjudica a peticiones o concerns migratorias que se realicen despuÃ£ ©s. QuÃ£ © hacer si se tiene una deuda con posibles consecuencias migratorias Si se tienen dudas sobre si una deuda puede afectar negativamente an una peticiÃ£ ³n migratoria, risks de presentarla es recomendable contactar con un abogado de buena reputaciÃ£ ³n o con una organizaciÃ£ ³n de apoyo legitimate a migrantes para determinar si realmente tiene impacto migratorio y, en caso afirmativo, decidir quÃ£ © pasos tomar.Ã¢ Generalmente en estos casos, lo ms recomendable es contactar con la agencia encargada del cobro de la deuda (assortment agencyÃ¢ en inglÃ£ ©s) e intentar llegar an un acuerdo sobre la cantidad a pagar y los plazos para hacerlo. Este es un artÃ£ culo informativo. No es asesorÃ£ a legitimate.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Role of Social Media in Marketing among Small Business Free-Samples

Question: Talk about the Role of Social Media in Marketing among Small Business in Australia. Answer: Presentation Perhaps the best determinant of hierarchical achievement is the degree to which a business element advances its items and administrations. The soundness and width of the market for a specific item or administration to a great extent relies upon the level to which the customers subsidiary to the association are educated about the current items and administrations (Mitchell, 2008). One pivotal part of limited time blend is the utilization of publicizing and explicitly the different accessible online stages for promoting. While most little associations essentially depend on the utilization of visual media for example papers and announcements, TV and radio, the rise of innovation in many pieces of the world has raised the procedure of commercial to one more level (Nelson, 2007). For example, the ascent and utilization of versatile figuring has urged most associations to utilize the utilization of online stages in showcasing. Such roads incorporate the utilization of sites, email just as the web based life. The viability of a showcasing procedure is connected to the degree to which the moved data arrives at the intended interest group. So as to advertise effectively, the special message should reach whatever number customers as would be prudent. This progression doesn't just build the extent of the promoting technique yet in addition goes far in growing the associations advertise base (Kotler, 2009). The utilization of web based life in advertising has been a powerful instrument because of the way that most people approach these locales because of the availabity of versatile PCs. This paper plots the pretended by web-based social networking in upgrading promoting particularly among the private ventures in Australia. Regarding abstract sources on a similar point, the paper will examine the reasons why most organizations in Australia are as of now utilizing the online life as one of their center showcasing approaches. Writing Review: Role of Social Media in Marketing Dough puncher (2007) in Marketing technique and the executives brings up that the adequacy of a showcasing apparatus is a key factor when a business association is choosing its limited time draws near. This article features different components which merit thinking about when as an association plans to advance its items and administrations. As indicated by the creator, the cost ramifications include is another factor worth considering (Erdem, 2008). Simultaneously, the size of the intended interest group, the nature of the data being passed just as the course of events planned to be secured are different elements worth considering in picking a notice as well. As a productive methodology, the media used to transmit data to the collectors should take the most brief while to pass on the expected message. Moreover, the methodology utilized in promoting should be savvy and consequently reasonable particularly for the independent companies. The creator features the different methodologies utilized by organizations in an offer to upgrade the advancement of their items and administrations. These incorporate the utilization TV, radio and other composed media. He anyway brings up the ubiquity of portable registering as one of the center purposes behind the utilization of web and online stages during the time spent showcasing. The creator further notes that the utilization of telephones, tablets and PCs as IT apparatuses in promoting has offered a fitting stage through which educated can be passed to the purchasers through the web based life. Bauer (2007) in the article Consumer conduct as hazard taking: Risk taking and data taking care of, brings up that the customers gathering to a given promoting apparatus decides if the association should grasp it for future endeavors or note. As indicated by the creator, the internet based life could essentially be depicted as the on the web, and for the most part casual, stages where different classifications of clients associate with each other to share their perspectives on specific parts of life. The writer gives the instances of Twitter, Facebook, Linked In and social structure programs as probably the most generally utilized online social stages. During its rise, the social average was fundamentally seen as a road for diversion. Be that as it may, the extending base of clients which keeps on heightening as days pass by has given a decent chance to business associations. These roads have been utilized by the associations to do ads and advance their items. As supported by the cre ator, the social average has assumed a significant job in upgrading promoting particularly among the independent ventures particularly because of its openness and cost-adequacy. The ascent in innovation has made the important gadgets accessible to most people in the general public; thusly, it is simpler for the business elements to arrive at their planned objective gatherings by facilitating the data on the internet based life. This methodology is powerful as most people are probably going to interface with this data. Yilmaz (2011) in Source qualities and publicizing adequacy talks about a portion of the angles which make a limited time device powerful. As confirmed by the creator, the rising utilization of innovation and joining of data innovation into the administration of business associations has prompted the improvement in the nature of showcasing methodologies. The creator calls attention to the rising popularity of online stages as a decent substitution of the conventional strategies some time ago utilized by associations in showcasing. The creator calls attention to the utilization of organization sites notwithstanding the utilization of web-based social networking as a portion of the viable limited time approaches as of now utilized by most independent companies in Australia. The significant level of foundation and accessibility of stable systems has empowered the independent companies to communicate with the two its representatives just as the customers. A great many people in the nation approach great cell phones, iPads, PCs, internet providers just as great systems. Rather than the fairly costly physical methodologies of advertising, the accessibility of these assets has utilized online stages and the internet based life as the best other options. The creator similarly takes note of that the online networking has done a ton in diminishing the expense of notice for the private companies in Australia. Being moderately little in size, the organizations may come up short on the required assets to lead modern showcasing approaches; the web-based social networking has subsequently stayed a significant less expensive other option. Examination and Analysis of the articles Through a cautious investigation of the substance, the articles assessed above were picked in an offer to improve the conversation of the picked theme. The articles were inspected from a greater rundown of articles and were picked principally due to the consistency in the data contained in them. The principal article does well in calling attention to a portion of the elements worth considering before picking a showcasing technique (Aldrich, 2008). The creator at that point proceeds to talk about the reasons why most business associations at present utilize the web based life in the corporate world to improve their administration techniques. The progression of realities as showed by the writer makes the article simple to follow. Notwithstanding, the work doesnt thoroughly handle the job that internet based life has played in promoting however does well in making the base which is along these lines investigated through different articles. The subsequent article is progressively signifi cant and the writer does well by starting the conversation with a concise outline of the part of the utilization of online life in showcasing. The straightforward language and game plan of thoughts through painstakingly organized passages goes about as a significant bit of leeway of the article. Then again, the article is generally long which may make its a significant test particularly for perusers not pulled in to long messages. The creator likewise puts together his contentions with respect to discoveries from just chose regions in the nation which may not offer the specific image of web based life use in advertising. The third article is increasingly elucidating regarding the subject of conversation. The creator digs somewhere down in the part of online life and blueprints a portion of the reasons with regards to why most independent companies at present love it with regards to advertising. The primary realities are clarified toward the start of each section which makes it simpl e for the perusers to follow the topical stream. Notwithstanding being data, the writers use of casual language in certain areas of the content expels dullness during perusing subsequently making the article all the more fascinating and similarly engaging. Then again, the article may not be speaking to a more extensive crowd particularly the more seasoned age because of the writers decision of language as certain people lean toward an increasingly formal way to deal with correspondence (Homburg, 2009). Basically, every one of the articles are successful in one manner or the other in improving the conversation of the primary subject in center. Research Findings In light of the audit of writing notwithstanding the different methodologies used to get data with respect to the examination point, various viewpoints can be found. In any case, the web-based social networking has stayed essential in upgrading showcasing rehearses particularly among independent companies in Australia because of the way that it is savvy (Bettman, 2007). A portion of the private venture substances for moment Aerosonde Ltd, Adam Energy and Ace Radio might be confronted with the test of deficient assets which limits their capacity to investigate other modern choices in promoting. The online life, which is moderately modest, has in this manner made promoting very reasonable particularly for the business associations which need enough assets (Beane, 2007). Also, the web based life has improved the extent of advertising. Business associations are subsequently ready to arrive at a decent number of individuals with the data because of the availability of the showcasing stages (Cox, 2007). The ascent in

Friday, August 21, 2020

Just A Small Town Girl

Just A Small Town Girl Well hey there, blogosphere. Newbie #4 here. To the admissions officers here, Im known as the girl who draws things during class and has a somewhat-creepy fascination with all things Irish (I know, its only week 2 of being back and Matt McGann and Chris Peterson have already called me quirky and special translation: whyd we hired this creeper?). But [hopefully] to you guys, Im Elizabeth just your average course 20 (biological engineering) sophomore (whaaat, Im not the baby of campus anymore?? Crap.) here to tell you about life at this quirky and special place. I was born and raised in Columbia, MO â€" home of the Mizzou Tigers, Shakespeareâ€™s Pizza, and the Kewpies (naked baby dolls that were my high schoolâ€™s mascot. Seriously.) â€" located smack-dab in the middle of the U.S. While its definitely not as hick as it gets, Ive gotten stuck behind tractors driving to school, hit deer, etc. I couldnt fall asleep my first night at MIT because of the sirens and seeing the Boston skyline out of my window was a bizarre thing to get used to. But in addition to the people I met from Zimbabwe, NYC, and D.C., I found fellow midwesterners here with whom to reminisce about corn mazes. (And to reinforce stereotypes with, apparently.) On top of that, moving to a big city for college ended up giving me the best of both worlds Im a 10 minute walk away from the best parts of Boston, but I still get to fly to my awesome hometown for breaks. Sometimes I think my path to MIT wasnt a very normal one, but Ive realized after meeting so many people during my freshman year that there really isnt a normal path to MIT. I dreamt of becoming an entomologist and herpetologist from third to ninth grade (and admittedly, I still secretly dream of becoming an Animal Planet TV show host). I idolize Jeff Corwin like a nerdy MIT kid (eh, okay, Iâ€™m one to talk) idolizes Stephen Hawking. I flirted with the idea of a small, hipster liberal-arts college for most of high school. Its not as if suddenly I woke up one day wanting to be an engineer I just realized, over the course of my junior and senior years of high school, that the stuff I dreamed of doing as a kid was stuff that I still wanted to do with a little more science thrown in. I now get to study all sorts of bio-tastic things (not just snakes and bugs!) as a course 20 major, and while Im not exactly reading Plato under an oak tree (some folks here do, though!), I suppose I could b e found reading about Duke Ellington and Miles Davis in the lovely Killian Court last year (I took Jazz History and Jazz Harmony and Arranging, but Ill have to save that story for another post). Despite being a science nerd, my lifes really not all that enginerdy. When Im not in class, you can find me at home (Simmons Hall), playing cello in the symphony and Chamber Music Society, UROPing in Professor Bhatiaâ€™s bioengineering lab, chilling with my fellow Tech Catholic Community pals, showing off my child-care provider skills at the MIT Daycare, practicing for my future career in stand-up comedy, jammin with my musician hallmates, or â€" as of now â€" professionally blogging. I enjoy a good book of imagist poetry every now and then (see my liberal-artsyness is still intact even after coming to the institvte). I occasionally sleep as well. (Just jokes! I actually get around eight hours a night, believe it or not.) Id talk more, but I have a p-set to turn in and class to go to. In the meantime, tell me what you guys want to know more about classes, dorm life, the admissions process, etc. P.S. Hi mom!

Just A Small Town Girl

Sunday, May 24, 2020

The Strategic Culture of China and Iran - 515 Words

The culture of a region has a dramatic impact on the perspective and responses of its members. These perspective and responses are influenced by physical, political and social/cultural sources that are critical to understanding why certain strategic policies are adopted. This paper will analyze the social/cultural and political sources that affect the strategic culture of China and Iran. The strategic culture of China is primarily influenced by social/cultural sources such as symbols, myths and defining texts that have resulted in ChinaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s sense of superiority and pacifist history. Chinese sense of cultural superiority is derived from its perception that their state coincided with the civilized world and Confucianism is critical to enlightenment of the barbarians, evidenced by the 300 Chinese institutes founded worldwide. Chinese leaders also believe that unlike western expansionist philosophy, theirs is one of pacifism. This is because of their geographical position and belief that it is the core of international systems and as long as other states understand their role, there is no need for war. Chinese pacifism is more a mindset of their leaders than fact based on their 4000-year history of internal strife, revolution, and external meddling of other countries. The Chinese believe that natural order requires a strong and stable China, one united inter nally and free from external influences and will use military force when needed. Consequently, most ChineseShow MoreRelatedChallenges And Barrier And Soluations For Chinese Companies At China Pakistan Economic Corridor ( Cpec )1655 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesCHALLENGES/BARRIER AND SOLUATIONS FOR CHINESE COMPANIES AT CHINA PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (CPEC) Abstract: In this paper, focus on the risks and challenges in the process of construction of CPEC. There are lot of studies about the importance of CPEC, benefits and impact on future economy of both countries. This paper attempts to explain the challenges, due to security issues, culture difference between china and Pakistan, energy issue in Pakistan, political, conflict in Balochistan, tribal issuesRead MoreHow Does Ã¢â‚¬Å"Strategic CultureÃ¢â‚¬ Explains The Patterns Of State705 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 3 PagesHow does Ã¢â‚¬Å"strategic cultureÃ¢â‚¬ explains the patterns of state behavior in three cases: the United States, China, and Iran. What are the causal mechanisms (i.e. cause-effect explanations) in these cases? Is Ã¢â‚¬Å"strategic cultureÃ¢â‚¬ a cause of the observed patterns? Or is other cause (e.g. hierarchy, power structure, etc.)? Strategic culture allows scholars for the opportunity to recognize, analyze and explain patterns of continuity and change when it comes to the reasons behind state behaviors in the internationalRead MoreThe Relationship between the Nuclear Weapons and the Bargaining Power1650 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesNagasaki in the Second World War, there are few nations that possess nuclear weapons or are suspected of seeking nuclear weapons. Countries that have been certified as possessing nuclear weapons is the United States, Soviet Union, Britain, France, China, India, Pakistan and North Korea. There is a chart from BBC shows the number of nuclear weapons in each countryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s possession. Of these, almost 5,000 are considered operational and about 2,000 belonging to the United States and Russia are believedRead MoreUsg Case Study1730 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pages USA JFK SWEG(A) IRANÃ¢â‚¬â„¢S PROXY WAR IN SYRIA EXSUM SUBMITTED TO MR. AHAB AND MR. KALDANI OF THE LANGUAGE, REGIONAL, EDUCATION and CULTURE PROGRAM SPECIAL WARFARE EDUCATION GROUP (AIRBORNE) BY CPT TANNER R. DERFLINGER FT. BRAGG, NC DECEMBER 2017 INTRODUCTION With the proclaimed defeat of ISIS, current ties with Russia, and the seemingly inevitable defeat of rebel forces against the Assad Regime, the Iranian government has the opportunity to spread influence within the Central CommandRead MoreDwight D. Eisenhower and Civil Rights Act Essay995 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesCold War United Nations Chiang Kai-Shek Mao Zedong Ã¢â‚¬Å"China LobbyÃ¢â‚¬ Containment Doctrine George Kennan Marshall Plan National Security Act of 1947 Central Intelligence Agency NATO Berlin Airlift Warsaw Pact NSC-68 ServicemenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Readjustment Act Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1944 GI Bill Coal Strike Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1946 Fair Deal Labor Management Relations Act Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1947 Progressive Party Thomas Dewey Korean War Gen. Douglas Mac Arthur HUAC The Hollywood 10 Alger Hiss Whittaker Chambers Richard Nixon J. Edgar Hoover Read MoreThe Roman Empire1965 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 PagesHowever, numerous aspects allowed the Byzantine Empire to stay in power for a 1000 years after the end of the Roman Empire; primarily the emperors were focused on the political, culture and economic affairs from top to bottom. This triangle strategy of the empire backed by a greater strategic communication and well-designed political warfare against their rivals enabled the empire to stay stable and secure. There are also few other internal and external factors and advantages. Including some greatRead MoreWhy Has America Stopped Winning Wars Essay782 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesexcessive use of military force is the only way to quench WashingtonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s thirst He concludes with an implication that AmericanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s victory culture has led to disillusionment of our governmentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s expectations, and that this culture should be reexamined in order to prevent unnecessary loss of life in the future. Although Tierney makes a valiant effort to question US military strategic efforts over the last 70 years, he fails to realize that AmericaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s emphasis on national security is a major contributing factorRead MoreChina Pakistan Economic Corridor : A Spatial Analysis On The Security Risk Of Cpec1534 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesChina Pakistan Economic Corridor: A Spatial Analysis on the Security Risk of CPEC Muhammad Umer ArshadÃ‹ ¡ Zhao Hai DongÃ‚ ² Ã‹ ¡ PhD Fellow, Department of Economic, Inner Mongolia University, HoHHoT, China,Student.Pak@yahoo.com Ã‚ ² Head of Department, Economic Department, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China, hdzhayy@163.com Address for Correspondence: Muhammad Umer Arshad, Phd Fellow, Department of Economic, Inner Mongolia University, HoHHoT, China, International Building #D Room#109,Student.Pak@yahooRead MoreThe Consequences Of The US President Donald Trump1092 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesBrexit negotiations uncertain and difficult. China seems to have decided to set up its military base in Pakistan, cementing its economic and strategic surge. It is an integral part of the Chinese ambition to become a strategic force in West Asia and Africa. Several Arab countries spearheaded by Saudi Arabia imposed an embargo on Qatar, which was blamed for supporting Sunni Islamist terrorists in the Arab world. Terrorists killed 12 people in Iran and 7 in the United Kingdom, the one in the UKRead MoreCultural Awareness And Characteristics Within The Afghanistan Culture1732 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesCultural Awareness and characteristics within the Afghanistan culture. There are five major characteristics that define a culture; they are learned, shared, symbols, integrated, and dynamic. Culture is learned. It is not biological; we do not inherit it. Much of learning culture is unconscious. We learn culture from families, peers, institutions, and media. The process of learning culture is known as enculturation. While all humans have basic biological needs such as food, sleep, and sex, the way

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Describe How Groups Can Influence People in Positive and...

Describe how groups can influence people in positive and negative ways. We as people have many different roles within our life, these roles serve many different purposes. We also we find we belong to different groups in which we play our different roles, this makes up our social identity. It is these groups that can have a negative or a positive effect on ourselves. We can be part of the Ã¢â‚¬Å"in groupÃ¢â‚¬ or the Ã¢â‚¬Å"out groupÃ¢â‚¬ depending on somebodys experience of the membership of that group, sometimes groups maintain an us and them mentality when it comes to being part of it. The norms of the group are expected to be adhered to by members, and this can lead to members being expected to conform, non conformity can often lead to role conflictÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦The boys were divided into equal groups and quickly fell into the group norms of sharing jokes and secret codes, obviously showing bonds of loyalty and companionship and this has a positive effect on a person, it allows them to feel part of the Ã¢â‚¬Å"in groupÃ¢â‚¬ which raises their self esteem and also promotes a sense of belonging to the group and a sense of identity, these are all positive effects on each member as an individual. Then a competition was set up in the form of a tournament, good sportsmanship quickly degenerated, and they became hostile towards each other, this is the negative effect, there was obviously some role conflict in the boys as they had formed a group in which they all had a inclusive role, they were part of the Ã¢â‚¬Å"in groupÃ¢â‚¬ , but once competition was introduced this caused conflict between them, this affected the boys negatively as they resorted to name calling, aggression and prejudice. In conclusion there has been evidence to show that groups have both a negative and also a positive effect on its members. It has been demonstrated that some people will cope with the negative effects in an unproductive way by changing their behaviour in way that was detrimental to the well being of themselves and its other members. However the positives can have a very powerful effect on a person in that it can promote a sense of identity, loyalty andShow MoreRelatedDrawing on Appropriate Evidence Describe How Groups Can Influence People in Positive and Negative Ways.1336 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesDrawing on appropriate evidence describe how groups can influence people in positive and negative ways. My plan for this essay is to: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Study the required chapter making sure I understand what I am reading. The chapter that I shall be concentrating on is Ã¢â‚¬Ëœidentifying social identitiesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. I will be identifying both the positive and negative ways that can influence peopleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s lives. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ I shall take notes on both the negative and positive influences. Read MoreCompare and Contrast Different Structure of Organisation and Culture964 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesculture Here you need to briefly describe the different types of organisational structure, and what different types/formats of culture can be found in organisations, and then compare and contrast them Ã¢â‚¬â€œ what causes/creates each type, and positive factors / negative factors of each. Ã¯â€š · explain how the relationship between an organisationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business Then discuss (separately) how the structure and culture can affect the business performance Ã¢â‚¬â€œRead Moreessay LD201866 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesEssential Standards Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Mental Capacity Act. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Company policies and procedures Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Disability Equality Duty 2006.. 1.2 Explain how this legislation and policies influence the day to day life of individuals with learning disabilities and their families. The influence that legislation and policies have on the day-to-day experiences of an individual with a learning disability and of their families is as follows covert discrimination, overt discriminationRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Music On The Youth Culture1316 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesexplanations from research on the effect of violent music, both positive and negative towards African American men, women, and children. The articles also provides information that will support the reason how Hip-hop has such an impact on the youth culture, how Hip-hop is valued, and how the music and its lyrics are interpreted. Changing Images of Violence Rap music lyrics: 1979-1997 Hip- hop has both a negative and positive impact on African American lives. Over the past three decadesRead MoreImplications For The Future Paper1627 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pageshas 7, 794 people living here today. When this land was founded and cleared it was sold as one acre parcels, and each land owner had to determine their own road systems; which is why most of the roads in Dubois are narrow today. Dubois was known as Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Divided CityÃ¢â‚¬ back in the very early stages of it growth. There was the Dubois side, and Rumbarger side, and separated by a low beaver damn. As population and business grows the town becomes one and is known as Dubois today. At first way of transportationRead MoreUnderstand The Context Of Supporting Individuals With Learning Disabilities1394 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesdisabilities. I can identify the polices and legislation designed to promote inclusion, human rights of individuals with learning disabilities and of their citizenship and equal life chances i.e. National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990; Disability Discrimination Act 2005; Equality Act 2010; Disability Equality Duty 2006. Explain how the above legislation and policies influence the day-to-day experiences of individuals with learning disabilities and their families. The influence that legislationRead MoreExamine the Argument That Social Identities Are Often Characterised by Inequality Based on Your Reading of Material in Ã¢â‚¬ËœConnected LivesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ and the Article the Act.1287 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesDescribe what table 1 and 2 tell us about local authority decisions about homelessness in England The data in table 1 shows a clear increase in total decisions made between 1998 and 2004. Total number of decisions made in 1998/99 was 244,830 and this figure increased up to 298,390 by 2003/04, an increase of 22%. This increase is seen along all four groups. Ã¢â‚¬ËœUnintentionally homeless and in priority needÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ increased by 30%, Ã¢â‚¬Ëœhomeless but not in priority needÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ by 21% and Ã¢â‚¬Ëœnot homelessÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ by 5% howeverRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On The Media Influences Viewers1587 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesRacial Bias in the Media Influences Viewers Television reaches more consumers for more time than any other source of media. Its use for entertainment or news is overly influential, persuasive, and authoritative. Through these characteristics, any type of information or message influences its massive audience. Because of this, what Americans see Ã¢â‚¬â€œ or fail to see- has a powerful impact on how they view other races. Young children are especially vulnerable to the information they are exposed to. TVRead Morehealth science937 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pages On completion of this unit a learner should: Understand effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care. Understand factors that influence communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care environments. Understand ways to overcome barriers in a health and social care environment. Be able to communicate and interact effectively in a health and social care environment. Forms of communication and theRead MoreLeadership And Its Effect On Employee s Productivity1568 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesfor its proper function and operation. Leadership is about having the ability to influence others. Having influence means that there is a greater need on the part of leadership positions to exercise their influence ethically and responsibly. It is the process of influencing and motivating others in order to achieve the goals that have been set (Yukl 2006). Overall, the process of leadership is the ability to influence your followers, your colleagues, and your superiors in a professional context,

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Psycho by Alfred Hitchcock Free Essays

Hitchcock and Dualism in Psycho The characters in Alfred HitchcockÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Psycho (1960) each have a dual nature that is masterfully portrayed through character development and use of mirrors throughout the film. The very first shot in Psycho is zooming in from an open view of the city where it is a bright and sunny day. As the shot zooms in further and further it comes into a dark and shaded room that shows Marion Crane (Janet Leigh) and Sam Loomis (John Gavin) having an affair in a undisclosed hotel. We will write a custom essay sample on Psycho by Alfred Hitchcock or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is dualistic image is just one example of many that Hitchcock has placed in this film. Marion Crane is the first main character that is focused upon for the first half of Psycho. Ã¢â‚¬Å"All that Marion Wants, after all, are the humble treasures of love, marriage, home, and family. Ã¢â‚¬ (Brill 227) [up and down] This is the reason why Marion steals the money in the first place. The money is her first real chance at escaping the life of meeting at cheap hotels in secret. The opening scene shows the lack of money and personal isolation that Marion has while making love in secrecy in a hotel that Ã¢â‚¬Å"arenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t interested in you when you come in, but when your time is up. Marion is desperate for any type of companionship with Sam even claiming she would happily live in the spare room at his work. The progress of Marion in Psycho is followed very closely by her appearance and her apparel. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the bag is a transgressive agent associated with stealing, escape, and independence. Ã¢â‚¬ (Gottlieb, Brookhouse 151) [Sarah Street 151] Before any crime was ever committed, Marion wore a white bag that matched her underwear and her clothing. After the money was taken, she made a choice to place the envelope of money in her black bag, rather than her suitcase which would completely hide the money. Along with the change in bags, Marion also changes her underwear to black, and her outer clothes to dark colors as well. MarionÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s death is very symbolic and dualistic in a multitude of ways. Ã¢â‚¬Å"The fact that Marion is nonetheless murdered after her self-realization suggests that neither she nor the society that produced her is recuperableÃ¢â‚¬ (Gottlieb, Brookhouse 362) [Christopher Sharrett 362] Once Marion had made that fatal mistake to become a criminal, she was destined to die as a criminal, with no chance of salvation. This is very dualistic of the ending of the frontier, which was right around the time Psycho was produced. the movement of the film is steadily downward and inward, away from the feeling of daylight, abundance, and expanse to a nightmarish claustrophobia that exteriorizes the unconscious mind. Ã¢â‚¬ (Gottlieb, Brookhouse 362) [Christopher Sharrett 362] The image of the West being a gigantic open expanse was coming to an end and Hitchcock showed that the frontier was finished and there was no chance of it coming back. Hitchcock places a large amount of dualism between the characters of Marion, Sam, Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins), and Lila Crane (Vera Miles). The first couple, Sam and Marion, engenders the second, Norman and Marion: Norman has thus taken the place of Sam. Yet he has actually, diegetically speaking, taken the place of Marion, given the mirror dialectic between the sexes and their psychic structurations. Ã¢â‚¬ (Deutalbaum, Poague 357) [Bellour 357] The couple of Marion and Sam never got a chance to be married, but as the film goes through the second half, it is Sam and Lila that are Ã¢â‚¬Å"marriedÃ¢â‚¬ as they go to the motel. Lila doubles as her lost sister as the heroine of the film, following nearly the same actions as Marion. The look on LilaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s face as she finds the mummy is identical to that of MarionÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s in the shower Hitchcock uses mirrors quite a bit in Psycho to really help express dualism in this film. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ depthless images in mirrors that are used systematically throughout Psycho to prefigure the shattering of its charactersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ personal coherence. Ã¢â‚¬ (Brill 227) [up and down] Brill states how Hitchcock uses mirrors to match up the different characters and to show that there is a lot more depth than what the viewer my first think. Through use of mirrors, Hitchcock brings a much deeper meaning to certain scenes with different characters than would otherwise be without mirrors. One of the most crucial uses of mirrors in Psycho is when Marion is at the car dealership. Ã¢â‚¬Å"When she takes the damning step of spending some of the money, she is radically bisected by a down word looking shot and a mirror in the washroom where she takes the cash from her purse. Ã¢â‚¬ (Brill 227) The image in this scene is extremely important to the dual nature of Marion. At this point, she passes the point of no return and is cut in half by the mirror. The half image of Marion shows that she has split herself in two, good and evil, and the evil side is the one that has taken over. The second half of Psycho, in which Marion is dead, shows the dualism between Marion and the other characters. When Detective Milton Arbogast (Martin Balsam) first interrogates Norman, his back is to the mirror in the parlor, almost identical to that of Marion when she first entered the motel. Sam appears more than once in the same mirrors while uestioning Norman. When Lila is searching the house for Ms. Bates she comes upon the double mirrors in her bedroom. Ã¢â‚¬Å"This moment constitutes HitchcockÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s most explicit suggestion that his characters are experiencing-and we are watching- not something weirdly outside ordinary experience, but the expression of a potential for personal distortion and violence that is the other side, the mirror image, of human normalityÃ¢â‚¬ (Brill 227) This moment is key for Hitchcock because he shows the viewers that something like this could actually happen. There are people in the world that are not mentally stable and that do the type of things that Norman Bates does. Hitchcock also shows a large amount of dualism between the characters in Psycho and birds. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦a complex analogy between bird and human that exists in Psycho and is announced in the opening sequence of the film. Over the birdÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s-eye view of a city [Ã¢â‚¬ ¦] evoke the point of view of a bird who glides down, alights on the window ledge, and slips into the room. (Gottlieb, Brookhouse 295) [Richard Allen] Another sense of duality is present in the last names of Marion Crane and Sam Loomis, both different types of birds and both can be seen as a pair of love-birds. The duality in with birds in Psycho becomes extremely apparent with Norman Bates. When Norman is talking to Marion, he tells her: Ã¢â‚¬Å"My hobby is stuffing things. You know, taxidermy. I guess IÃ¢â‚¬â„¢d just rather stuff birds because I hate the look of beasts when theyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢re stuffed. You kno w, foxes and chimps. Some people even stuff dogs and cats but, oh, I canÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t do that. I think only birds look well stuffed, well, because theyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢re kind of passive to begin with. NormanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s claim that birds are passive to begin with, is a reference to the habits of birds and is implied to being a habit of women as well. His obsession with stuffing birds culminated in the creation of his prized Ã¢â‚¬Å"stuffed birdÃ¢â‚¬ , the mummy of his mother. Ã¢â‚¬Å"This Ã¢â‚¬Ëœstuffed birdÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ was created by the act of Ã¢â‚¬Ëœstuffing a birdÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ in the sense that combines both a sexual act- the implied incest between Norman and his mother- and the act of killing. The monstrous figure of NormanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s mummy is condemned endlessly to repeat this act. Ã¢â‚¬ (Gottlieb, Brookhouse 296) [Richard Allen] Marion is the first victim of this sexual and murderous bird that swoops down from the house and attacks her. The knife can be seen as a form of Ã¢â‚¬Å"peckingÃ¢â‚¬ that is used to kill her. After being Ã¢â‚¬Å"peckedÃ¢â‚¬ Marion Crane eventually ends up slumped over, very dualistic to that of a bird with a broken neck staring blankly upward. The stare of death that remains on MarionÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s face is a mirror image of the birds that hang in the parlor of the motel, permanently stuck staring out from death. The angles of the shots when Marion and Arbogast are being murdered are from a very high up view to symbolize even further to create a duality between NormanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s mother and a bird. Ã¢â‚¬Å"HitchcockÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s camera, initially indentified with the love-bird, now comes to occupy the gaze of the death-bird in a series of high-angled shots that accompany the murder of Marion [Ã¢â‚¬ ¦] swoops down to murder Arbogast on the landing of the gothic staircase. Ã¢â‚¬ (Gottlieb, Brookhouse 296) [Richard Allen] Both murders relate to a frenzied bird swooping down from high above and attacking its prey with its vicious beak. How to cite Psycho by Alfred Hitchcock, Essay examples

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Moment That Changed My Life free essay sample

Not many people can look back in their lives and pinpoint some exact moments that changed their lives. And to find the most important moment of all those moments is a hard thing to do for most of them. For me, I had two very important moments that had a huge impact on my life which are Participating in January 25th revolution and Joining the AUC. However, I find Joining the AUC is more important as it was a part of the influence I had that made me wanting to participate in the revolution. Joining the AUC was a very hard decision to make; it took a very long time to get it done. We have to go back to the beginning of the story, which can be divided to four phases of my life. The first phase would be my childhood. I always wanted to be an engineer, I was a huge fan of electronic devices, I loved to fix things, and I even tried many times to create new things of my broken toys. We will write a custom essay sample on Moment That Changed My Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then, it was my late childhood when we got our first computer, I was about 10 back then, it was amazing and I used to spend hours playing and exploring new things about it, and that was when I started falling in love with computers. I had that computer for many years till I finished my last year in preparatory education with high grades, that was when I asked my father for a new better computer which I used to spend longer time using than I used to spend using the other as it was more developed and advanced. The second phase would be the end of my first year in secondary education, which is when the cause of the problem emerged. It was when I had to decide if I will go for science subjects or mathematics subjects. My mother is a doctor and my father is a lawyer, they both wanted me to be a doctor, I kept telling them that I do not want to go for medicine and that I wanted to go for computer engineering. My mother discussed it with me and she was telling me that if I do not get the required grade for engineering I will have to go for other fields and colleges that are too hard and their future career is not so bright but if I choose to study science and do not get the required grade for medicine I would have the chance to go for other good colleges like pharmacy or dentistry for example. As well as that, she tried convincing me through telling me the benefits of studying medicine and how it would help people greatly by lessening their suffering and pain which was the reason why she studied medicine and wanted to be a doctor. I was convinced easily and gave up my dream. The third phase would be when I got the required grades and even higher and joined the faculty of medicine in Zagazig University. When I and my family knew the results, we all were happy and celebrating, I was happy that I did not disappoint my parents and was done with the first step of fulfilling their dream. Then, school started, I was having fun and university life was a new experience that I enjoyed but after a while when I had to start studying, I was not interested in the subjects at all and found it too hard to study so I decided to leave it till the end of the academic year right before the exams by a month or two to study just for the exams not for knowledge, and it was it. I studied before the exams and got average grades but I was able to pass. It was a disappointment to my parents as they expected me to be of the highest grades students. I started complaining because I didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t like it, and that was when my mother knew that if I keep on doing this it will be no good and I will end up wasting time and my life so she thought of asking my father to let me transfer to the AUC and study what I like which is engineering. My father refused as he wanted me to be a doctor and replied to her that I will do better in the next year and it was just because it was a new life for me. I was disappointed and started getting depressed, on the second year I did the same thing I did before in the first one but this time it was even worse and it did not work out good, I had four courses and I only attended final exams of only two of them and kept the other two for the next year. By the third year when I was actually repeating the two courses I did not attend their finals I went into deep depression which made my parents rethink of me joining the AUC all over again. And that was it; by the middle of the academic year I came to the AUC and applied. The fourth and the last phase would when I got my acceptance letter from the AUC, I remember that day, I was very happy and nervous at the same time as it was a dream I have been dreaming of for more than 3 years. My life has changed greatly and has been different since then. It is an amazing experience; I am having new friends, meeting new people every day and learning so many new things. I really do not regret making this decision.

Thursday, April 2, 2020

People Resourcing and Reward

Sunday, March 8, 2020

Conjugal Visits in Prison Sociology Essay

Conjugal Visits in Prison Sociology Essay Conjugal Visits in Prison Sociology Essay Example Conjugal Visits in Prison Sociology Essay Example Prisons and other correctional bodies perform essential social functions. It is not enough to prove the guilt of a criminal. He or she has to be punished and pass a long way of becoming a law-abiding and socialized citizen. Prisons should create all favorable physical and psychological conditions for this process. One of the factors facilitating imprisonment and decreasing the aggressive behavior of criminals is their spousesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ support. The way criminals can meet their husbands and wives is determined by the legislation of the U.S. states. There is a great discussion about whether the incarcerated should have a chance to enjoy spending some time with their partners. Such dates make their staying in prison more comfortable and thus contribute to quicker socialization afterwards. It is believed that conjugal visits in prison, in case of being properly administrated, greatly contribute to the improvement of the criminalsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ psychological state and reduce the number of re-inca rcerations. Defining a Ã¢â‚¬Å"Conjugal VisitÃ¢â‚¬ Conjugal visits help prisoners preserve connection with their beloved partners. England (n.d.) states that those prisoners who have close family ties are more likely to reenter society and return to their normal lifestyle quicker. The role of prisonersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ communication with their wives or husbands and children has always been discussed by the psychologists. Their ideas gave birth to the notion of an Ã¢â‚¬Å"extended family visitÃ¢â‚¬ (England, n.d., para. 3), during which a criminal has a chance to see any of his family members. Later there appeared a narrowed version of these meetings, named a Ã¢â‚¬Å"conjugal visitÃ¢â‚¬ , defined as Ã¢â‚¬Å"private time that a prisoner may spend with a spouse or, in California, a registered domestic partnerÃ¢â‚¬ (England, n.d., para 3). This visit usually means having an intimate contact with a spouse. Thus, the necessity and positive influence of the conjugal visits on prisoners was initially recognized by psychologists and prison wardens. The U.S. Sates Allowing and not Allowing Conjugal Visits In spite of a generally recognized positive influence of conjugal visits in prison, there are still some disparities as to whether they should be commonly allowed for all prisoners. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Currently only five states (Mississippi, New York, California, Washington and New Mexico) allow private conjugal visitations for inmates and their spousesÃ¢â‚¬ (Hensley, Rutland, Gray-Ray, 2002, p. 143). These states take part in extended family visitation programs that allow congeal visits. However, England (n.d.) writes that the number of states where private visits are allowed has recently grown, and nowadays Connecticut also officially recognizes inmatesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ privilege of conjugal visits. Moreover, California is the only state that allows same sex domestic partner visits. It follows the example of such counties as Canada, Belgium, Mexico and Brazil, where homosexual private visits of home registered partners are allowed. The USA tries to control conjugal visits in prison by means of legis lation. The growing number of states allowing such visits officially proves that heir positive psychological impact on the inmates is recognized. Specific Regulations of Conjugal Visits As it was mentioned in the introductory part of this research paper, conjugal visits become an effective element of the correctional process provided that they are properly administered. A state allowing these visits for its prisoners should control them with the help of prisonsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ administrations and the wardens. Conjugal visits may last from one to three hours in a separate accommodation, which is specially equipped by a shower cabin, towels, soap and other things a couple may need. The crime committed by the prisoner and his or her moral state should be examined before giving him or her a chance to meet a family member or have an intimate contact with the spouse: Ã¢â‚¬Å"the criteria include a careful review of the inmateÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s record to establish his or her inclination toward violenceÃ¢â‚¬ (Hensley et al., 2002, p.149). If an individual was imprisoned for committing a murder or rape, an extensive psychiatric expertise is needed to approve his or her participation in the program and the frequency of the visits allowed. There exist different intervals between conjugal visits allowed for prisoners with a different level of custody. Thus, the minimal custody allows a prisoner to have these dates every forty-five days, and the maximal punishment extends this period to eighty-five days (Hensley et al., 2002). On these conditions a prisoner will feel that he or she is allowed to see his or her beloved but can have only rare meetings because of a violent crime he or she had committed. Thus, this fact will become a correctional instrument and makes the criminal think more about the disadvantages of being socially dangerous. Apart from the mentioned psychological analysis, there is a rule of having a physical medical examination in order to monitor how the discussed private visits influence the state of health of both partners. Prisoners are also required to make a urinalysis straight after the conjugal visit to determine whether some drug or substance use took place (Hensley et al., 2002). If the results are positive, then the conjugal visits of such an inmate may be denied. England (n.d.) mentions that visitors should also observe certain rules. Their background is checked before letting them visit their relative in prison. They should wear appropriate clothing and not interfere with a physical search for weapons and drug substances. If a child wants to visit his or her parent, then they should meet in the territory of the facility that children are allowed to enter. Some prisons even determine which food products and presents their inmates can get. Cell phones and electronic devices are not allowed (E ngland, n.d.). All these measures are taken for the sake of the participantsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ security. Therefore, the regulation of conjugal visits in the USA is not limited to the legislation of the states allowing or prohibiting them, but is also restricted by the mentioned rules. Conjugal Visits Solving Prison Sex Issues Each prisoner should be considered by the administrators and wardens of the prison as individuality, first of all, and then, judging by the severity of a committed crime it is possible to determine the value of each incarcerated person. Thus, all prisoners are common people with their normal primary physical necessities, which include food and sex. However, the problem of prison sex is complicated, and it is discussed by psychologists in the context of why prisoners use sex not as their primary necessity but for other purposes: Ã¢â‚¬Å"In prison, sex is valued because it is highly desired and forbidden. Therefore, prisoners use sex as a commodity to gain access to items they would not have access to otherwiseÃ¢â‚¬ (Smith, 2006, p. 17). These items many include cigarettes or candies. Thus, due to prisonersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ low moral values sex loses its meaning of being intimate contact with a beloved person. The forms of sexual abuse most commonly practiced in prison include raping and homos exual contacts (Smith, 2006). Private conjugal visits can definitely reduce the first named form and return the meaning of family sex based on love and unity. Moreover, the statistical data in Mississippi, where the extended family visitation program is applied, demonstrates that Ã¢â‚¬Å"59 per cent of the nonparticipants of the program felt that conjugal visits did reduce homosexual behavior. Seventy-four per cent of participants in the program felt that conjugal visits did reduce homosexual behavior in prisonÃ¢â‚¬ (Hensley et al., 2002, p. 153). Therefore, conjugal visits assist in solving both individual sexual problems of prisoners and general issues related to prison sex in the USA. A separate aspect of the discussed problem is the education of the prison staff members and administration in the respect to conjugal visits. The necessity of wardens and senior officers being educated in this aspect is confirmed by the polls performed among workers. More than a half of the prison administrators did not believe that the discussed visits of criminalsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ spouses could decrease homosexual relationships and sexual violence in prisons. Ã¢â‚¬Å"In contrast, many inmates Ã¢â‚¬â€œ particularly those participating in the program Ã¢â‚¬â€œ feel that it [a conjugal visit] does increase a family stability and reduce homosexual behavior and violenceÃ¢â‚¬ (Hensley et al., 2002, p. 149). The answers of inmates are predictable, but prison wardens should study the effect of conjugal visits more to comprehend their positive influence on prisoners. Therefore, conjugal dates in prison can promote mutual respect between inmates and wardens as these visits are an element of a favorab le psychological atmosphere that should be created. Drawbacks of Conjugal Visits Though this paper explicitly advocates for conjugal visits in prison, it has also discovered some negative sides of the issue in order to understand the concept better. Hensley et al. (2002) have enumerated the most common arguments of the opponents of conjugal visits. Primarily, these dates can generate negative attitudes of those prisoners who are not allowed to see their spouses to the participants of the program. Secondly, prisons that allow conjugal visits may have more problems with drugs and contraband. One more reason that may hinder the approval of conjugal visits in some states is negative public attitude to the issue. Some scholars are convinced that the USA citizens will never accept conjugal visits as a common practice (Hensley et al., 2002). The most essential problem related to conjugal visitation programs is the spread of HIV/AIDS. This issue may provoke additional lawsuits for correctional bodies (Hensley et al., 2002). One more argument, mentioned by Hensley et al. (2002), is the insufficient statistical data that is not capable of confirming the positive influence of the conjugal visitation program in numbers. In addition, conjugal visits may arise some serious issues. At the same time Hensley et al. (2002) are convinced that all these problems may be solved by taking serious precautious measures and devoting more time to analyzing psychological state of the most problematic inmates. In order to demonstrate the current confrontation between the supporters of conjugal visits and their opponents, it is worth considering the article by The Associated Press (2015). In the article, it is said that Christopher Epps, a former chief of the U.S. Department of Corrections, strictly limited the practice of conjugal visits for Mississippi. From that time on only a federal magistrate judge decided whether an inmate from Mississippi was allowed to have an intimate date. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Epps said he believed the visits helped keep families together and reduced sexual assault among prisoners. But Epps said with the focus on trimming prison expenses, the benefits did not outweigh the costsÃ¢â‚¬ (The Associated Press, 2015, para. 6). Epps was resigned in 2013 because of a corruption charge. When the majority of Mississippi prisons allowed conjugal visits, their staff provided inmates and their spouses with separate rooms and all sanitary-hygienic means they needed. Therefore, the dates were properly organized and some financial means were spent on them. Epps considers material difficulties that prisons have related to conjugal visits. In his opinion, these expenses can be a sufficient argument for a complete prohibition of conjugal dates. However, in such a case the issue reaches the level of state financing. If the laws allow some states to have the conjugal visits in prison, it means that these states should provide proper financing of these dates. Allowing the inmates to have intimate contacts with their spouses is implemented not with the unique purpose of satisfying their physical needs. The prisoners are given a chance to feel the atmosphere of a home and family. Therefore, conjugal visits will reach one of their main aims Ã¢â‚¬â€œ stabilizing the psychological state of the incarcerated. Therefore, Mississippi is not consistent in its policy related to conjugal visits in prison due to some financial difficulties associated with their orga nization. It is easy to prohibit such dates, but it is more complicated to fight for conjugal visits for the sake of the discussed purposes. Human rights organizations together with the correction leaders should cooperate in solving the issue. Taking everything into consideration, it is important to state that the conjugal visitation program in prisons is a widely discussed topic that has its opponents and supporters. Both parties definitely agree that in case a prison has a system of these visits, it should strictly regulate them by the legislation. Supporting family ties, solving prison sex issues and being a productive instrument of a positive influence on the psychological state of the inmates with the purpose of the further crime reduction are unconditional benefits of the discussed private dates. Creating all conditions for releasing a psychologically healthy individual is the main aim of the correctional bodies.

Thursday, February 20, 2020

Do moral rights protect author's creation from sampling Essay

Do moral rights protect author's creation from sampling - Essay Example This occurs particularly in the case of rap or hip hop music for example, where DJÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s repeat breaks from various songs and compile it together into a new recording2. Sampling of music is possible through the use of digital samplers which are pieces of musical hardware or computer programs which work on a digital computer and are designed to record specific bits and sequences of sound and through the judicious use of sound synthesizers and software, the fragmentation of musical notes and re-synthesis has been facilitated3. Instantaneous download of music poses a threat to the moral rights of an author because it undermines the very core of identification that is the basis for assignment of moral rights. In order to promote the incentive to create, it is necessary that an authorÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s skill and labour are recognized and upheld through the protection of the law. Creators of music have historically faced the threat of inequitable contracts with recording companies and sampling o nly allows further exploitation of their work without due economic compensation. Therefore the question that is posed in this proposal is to examine whether the existence of moral rights of an author as currently framed within the scope of a law are adequate to protect work from sampling and thereby losing their economic potential? The rights of an author are guaranteed under the Copyright, designs and Patents Act of 1988, which first came into force on August 1, 1988 and has been amended since, in 1990 and 1991 to incorporate the provisions of the European Convention of Human rights.4 The CDPA has also introduced the concept of moral rights to allow a creator to protect the artistic integrity of their works.5 The purpose behind providing copyright protection to an author is to provide the incentive to create by ensuring exclusivity in claiming the economic benefits that accrue from the performance or use of the creative work6. Where music is concerned in particular, the creation of

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Select an organisation and to develop a strategic review of its Essay

Select an organisation and to develop a strategic review of its external environment and the related issues it faces. It can be - Essay Example History of the Company Tyrrells Potato Chips Company is proudly and dedicatedly engaged in producing, farming, and processing of these potatoes into chips. This farm is located in Tyrrells Court, England. The company is progressing in this field of business for the last 20 years. The owner of the company had put extensive effort and dedication in converting his potato store into a small manufacturing factory after completing a detailed research in the field of processed foods and advanced machinery implementation and development. Tyrrells is famous for its flavors, which is the result of old grown potatoes (www.chelseamarketbasket.com, 2012). Manufacturing Process The process of Tyrrells Potato chips operations include production and harvesting of potato crop in small batches, prepared and cut into fine slices, and fried in high quality sunflower cooking oil. Lastly, these fries are packed in highly satisfactory packages sealed by using latest technology to ensure the freshness of th e potato chips. The packaging of the chips forms an additional lively image to the potato chips (www.chelseamarketbasket.com, 2012). ... Nibbles of Fritas, spicy, and Thai Chilli flavors. Tortyrrells of hot chillies, sour cream, cheddar and onion flavors (www.tyrrellscrisps.co.uk, 2012). The Business Progress The Tyrrells have made the highest volume of sales in 2008 i.e. 13 million pounds. It is reported that the owner of the company Will Chase have sold out major portion of stock of the company to the firm named as Langholm Capital for about 30 million pounds In addition, the company has originated a new subsidiary by name of Chase Distilleries, which is engaged in the production of a new kind of chips named as Vodka potato (PotatoPro, 2012). External Analysis Industry Analysis As per latest reports, the savory snack industry in UK is growing even during the times of decreased economic growth. According to the latest statistics, the savory snack market grew by 7.1% during 2011and earned a total of ?2.71 billion profit out of retail selling prices. The primary factors contributing to the success of savory snack indus try are growing fame and popularity of these snacks in the UK market, increasing number of adult lunch boxes, increasing in the trends of bag sharing adapted by manufacturers and increasing responses to the customer demand with regard to health safety and more innovative flavors (Keynote, 2011). Manufacture of potatoes has heavily dominated the snack industry as compare to simple crisps. The primary reasons behind it are growing responses of manufacturers towards customers with respect to issues pertaining to health, fats free food and lighter snack, therefore manufacturers have shifted their style of production and processing. In addition, there are higher demands of customers to introduce innovative flavors both British and exotic origins. The demand for nuts and pop corns has also

Monday, January 27, 2020

Gender Differences in the Workforce

Gender Differences in the Workforce The contention that womenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s roles in having a career results in the creation of a problem with regard to them achieving a balance between their work and lives finds its roots in the rights and equality issues women have faced throughout the ages. The subject is not a contemporary one, although this tends to be the common perception due to scant references to resources dating back centuries as a result of either suppression or the lack of relevant data in books. In fact, such information is available via research in many journals and letters. The sources of the conception that a womanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s career somehow takes second precedence to being a wife, mother or homemaker are founded in a number of myths, prejudicial thinking, misguided notions and historical contexts that have fostered them as second class citizens. A large percentage of feminists believe that the status of women being regarded as second-class citizens is a result of patriarchy being the foundation that modern society was built upon and that this fostered thinking, attitudes and conceptions that relegated them to secondary roles instead of being regarded as equals. The foregoing notion(s) shall be examined from a number of standpoints to clarify the unenlightened views held by some in this regard. The examination will not be conducted from a feminist point of view, nor shall it seek to explain prevailing views, it shall instead present the relevant facts which the conclusions shall be drawn from. The simple truth is that women have been balancing multiple roles through history and the insertion of the role of career can be equated to any number of functions that they have performed and accomplished. Chapter 1 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Introduction 1.1 Background In order to set the context for the discussion regarding the contention that womenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s roles in having careers poses a problem in their achieving balance between work and life, the first salient fact that needs tube established is that women constitute 3,209,000,000 of the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s total population estimate of 6,477,450,857 (Population Reference Bureau, 2006). This means that the under utilization of women represents a 50% reduction in the number of available individuals that can make a contribution in professional terms. Chart 1 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Education Variables Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Women (Population Reference Bureau, 2006) Demographic Variable Country Data Women All Ages, 2005 World 3,209,000,000 All Educational Variables Literacy Women as % of Literate Men, Ages 15-24, 2000-04 World 92 Secondary School Enrolment, Female, 2000-03 (as % of school-age enrolment) World 93 As the preceding chart indicates, the slight difference in overall literacy rates does not put women at a disadvantage in terms of educational qualifications, yet their unemployment rate remains considerably higher proportionally. As shown from the following chart, women comprise approximately 40% of todayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s work force yet their participation rates indicate bias (see Chart 3 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Male and Female Labour Force Participation Rates and the Gender Gap in Economically Active Females per 100 Males, 2003): Chart 2 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Global Labour Market Indicators / 1993 and 2003 (International Labour Organization, 2004) Female Male Total 1993 2003 1993 2003 1993 2003 Labour force (millions) 1,006 1,208 1,507 1,769 2,513 2,978 Employment (millions) 948 1,130 1,425 1,661 2,373 2,792 Unemployment (millions) 58.2 77.8 82.3 108.1 140.5 185.9 Labour force participation rate (%) 53.5 53.9 80.5 79.4 67.0 66.6 Employment-to-population ratio (%) 50.4 50.5 76.1 74.5 63.3 62.5 Unemployment rate (%) 5.8 6.4 5.5 6.1 5.6 6.2 Chart 3 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Male and Female Labour Force Participation Rates and the Gender Gap in Economically Active Females per 100 Males, 2003 (International Labour Organization, 2004) Male LFPR Female LFPR Gender Gap in Economically Active Females per 100 Males World 79.4 53.9 68 Middle East and North Africa 76.8 28.2 36 South Asia 81.1 37.4 44 Latin America and the Caribbean 80.5 49.2 64 Industrialized Economies 70.3 50.5 76 Transition Economies 65.7 53.1 91 South-East Asia 82.9 60.5 75 Sub-Saharan Africa 85.3 63.2 77 East Asia 85.1 73.1 83 When wages are factored into the preceding figures, the picture of bias with respect to employed women takes on additional meaning. Chart 4 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Percentage Change in Real Wages/Earnings, Men and Women for Selected Occupations. (International Labour Organization, 2004) Accountant Computer First- Labourer Professional Welder (in banking) programmer Level in nurse in metal in education construction Manu- insurance teacher factoring F M F M F M F M F M F M Bahrain (1993-98) 16 1161 near near -7 131 36 24 1n.a.1 1n.a1 1n.a.1 1n.a1 Belarus (1996-2000) near near near near 100 35 307 323 near near near near Cyprus (1990-2001) near near 44 60 23 12 49 37 26 9 near near Finland (1990-1999) 67 96 44 66 -7 -4 1 8 -7 -6 -10 -1 Jordan (1988-1997) 29 20 -63 -51 25 13 near near -21 -17 near near Korea, Republic of (1990-2001) 91 46 94 73 29 60 115 37 71 229 46 49 Kyrgyzstan (1998-2001) 4 -26 near near -14 -39 4 20 -19 -32 near near Latvia (1997-2001) 39 31 561 142 82 45 36 18 60 33 1 26 Peru (1997-2001) 15 35 -13 -20 34 37 near near near near near near Poland (1998-2001) 28 31 103 70 53 53 13 20 26 29 45 25 Romania (1995-2001) 126 73 1 38 -7 -6 -19 -24 27 17 -22 -20 Singapore (1995-2000) -3 -24 24 43 near near 26 16 9 24 24 19 United Kingdom (1996-2001) 16 1 9 near near near near near near 10 12 near near United States (1990-2000) 9 12 15 6 4 14 near near -2 10 near near From the foregoing it appears that the problem with womenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s roles in having a career is the problem that is perceived by others rather than women themselves. The preceding statement is made as a result of the purely statistical information which clearly shows that women want to work and have the basic educational background(s), however wages are a reflection of a perceived difference even when gauged against the same profession. Therefore, there must be other forces, explanations, perceptions and aspects at work. In order to understand the environments outlined by the preceding, it will be necessary to delve into social, gender, historical, economic and other areas in order to develop an understanding of what is at work in even asking the question, as well as answering it. For if the preceding did not consist of underlying causes, then the need to examine the phenomenon would not exist. The foregoing brings us to areas of examination that at first glance might seem disconnected from the context, but in reality are revealing looks into legislative, sociological, cultural, historical and aspects that aid in providing not just facts, but insight as a result of reviewing them in combination as statistical data and appropriate legislation are a result of changing societal views. But legislation alone cannot cause individuals to evolve their views, and herein lies the problem as there are countless examples where the spirit of the law has been subjugated and artificial barriers created or utilized. The preceding are events, circumstances and outgrowths that are not the product of womenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s careers being the problem, these are other forces at work making it a problem. 1.2 Historical Perspectives Historically women have managed, just as males have, to multi task. The example of the working male who engages in sports, hunting, boating, wood working, and running multiple businesses does not raise the question as to whether they are neglecting or failing to provide their families with enough fathering time. This is a result of patriarchy which means in literal terms that males make the decisions as a result of them being the dominant aspect in political as well asocial affairs. But, more importantly males own and run the corporations by and large, as well as are dominant in political, military and other manifestations of power. Therefore, whether one elects to think of society at large being patriarchal, it in fact is. Hence, the preceding fosters underlying, hidden and historical perceptions regarding the roles of men and women as established centuries ago. Support for the preceding view can be traced back to Roman law during the period defined as Augustus to Justinian, as represented by27 B.C. to 527 A.D. A Roman woman was regarded as legally capable at the age of thirteen whereby she was permitted to draw up a will(Hacker, 2004). The foregoing however was bound by the condition that she could do so under supervision. Supervision was deemed to either bathe femaleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s father, male guardian of husband and their consent was essential in order for the will to be executed. The preceding stipulation of male consent remained as a condition over a Roman womanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s life regardless of her age. This condition was explained as being a result of their Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ unsteadiness of characterÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ã¢â‚¬Å"the weakness of the sexÃ¢â‚¬ , and Ã¢â‚¬Å"ignorance of legal mattersÃ¢â‚¬ (Hacker, 2004, p-3). Evidence of subjugation can also be found in Church history. Canon law states that a wife must be submissive to her husband and that she could not cut off her hair under penalty of excommunication (Hecker,2004, p-9). And in the case of Joan of Arc, it was her breaking of the law stating that a woman who wore menÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s garments was accursed, that was one of the charges that resulted in her being burned at the stake(Hacker, 2004, p-9). Similar examples can also be found in British law where under older common law a husband had the authority to Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ correct and chastise his wifeÃ¢â‚¬ (Hacker, 2004, p-11). The preceding examples are a few of the historical foundations that patriarchy has been built upon and hence the underlying foundation from which the subject of womanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s career roles emanates. Chapter 2 Ã¢â‚¬â€œSegregation in the Workplace 2.1 Segregation Segregation in the workplace constitutes a phenomenon that is linked to sex discrimination, the glass ceiling, patriarchy and unequal wages in that it reinforces stereotyped views, attitudes and traditions. Resin (1984) states that work related sex segregation can be characterized in the following manner, the first is through norms that separate sexes into separate spheres, such as the predominance of females in domestic work and males in construction, and via functional separation whereby males and females do different work in the same work setting. Segregation in the workplace is a further subtle reinforcement of inequality that slowly permeates the conscientiousness of both males and females into accepting this abnormality as being normal. A review of segregation in the workplace in terms of its manifestations shall be examined from a neutral stance in order to gauge perspectives from both sides of the equation. Such will be done from a factual information based perspective. The subject of segregation in the workplace with regard to women is also termed as the Ã¢â‚¬ËœGlass CeilingÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. This phrase was developed in the United States during the 1970Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s to describe artificial and invisible barriers that were and are created as a result of organizational and attitudinal prejudices that serve to prevent women from assuming top positions in the workplace (Wirth, 2001). As the most visible and publicized example of discrimination and the segregation of women in the work place, the exclusion of females from top positions within corporations is clearly evident by the fact that they hold just 2 to 3 percent of the top positions. Linda Wirth (2001) has stated that women have not reached top positions in major companies and that the foregoing has nothing to do with their lack of abilities. The International Labour Organization (Chart 5) indicates that around fifty percent (59%) of all women are positioned in occupations that cane be termed sex stereotyped. The preceding term is defined as meaning that approximately eighty present (89%) of the workers within these occupations are either males or females whereas management is primarily male dominated position. Chart 5 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ WomenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Share of Administrative Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Managerial Positions and Their Share of Total Employment, 1994-1995 (Wirth, 2001, p 193) Country Administrative and Managerial Jobs (%) Total Employment (%) Australia 43 42 Austria 22 43 Chile 20 32 Costa Rica 23 30 Ecuador 28 38 Egypt 12 20 Finland 25 47 Israel 19 42 Japan 9 41 Malaysia 19 34 Mexico 20 32 Norway 32 46 Paraguay 23 41 Philippines 33 37 Sri Lanka 17 48 Switzerland 28 40 Turkey 10 30 United Kingdom 33 45 United States 43 46 Uruguay 28 41 Venezuela 23 33 The preceding is an example of how segregation in the workplace extends into wage inequality as well as job satisfaction in that there is a cap on the level of advancement which women can generally aspire to thus slowly dampening their drive and determination in the face of subtle hurdles. Given the predominance of male positioned managers, executives and directors only the most dedicated and brightest of females manage to reach top positions where they still remain underpaid and suffer forms of discrimination in a male dominated environment. The definitive example of work segregation is found in the manner in which men and women are paid for the same work. Chart 4, Percentage Change in Real Wages/Earnings, Men and Women for Selected Occupations, revealed that the fact there has been and is a percentage change in real wage earnings for men and women in selected occupations, means that there was wage disparity in the first place (International Labour Organization, 2004). The idea of traditional occupations represents one of the most pervasive forms of segregation in work whereby males are thought to be either innately qualified or predisposed to work in certain industries. An example of the preceding is demonstrated by the findings of the Equal Opportunities Commission in Scotland based upon research conducted by Caledonian University in Glasgow. Said study found that there are barriers to younger adults pursuing certain career choices and that these include the negative feedback and or attitudes of family, friends and more particularly employers (BBC News, 2005). Said study pointed to the fact that there were just forty-one female apprentices in the entire country that were actively engaged in pursuing a construction career., and only fifty in engineering (BBCNews, 2005). On the opposite side of the coin the same study revealed that just 15 males were pursuing careers as apprentices in childcare. The report concluded that the barriers concerning the recruitment of males for that occupation were the low pay and attitudes of end users regarding the suitability of males in such roles (BBC News, 2005). 2.2 Gender Segregation Gender segregation represents a real issue that is neither subtle nor hidden, yet defies the concept of discrimination in that it prevents females from assuming careers that tend to fall outside of what is either considered feminine or represent male dominated areas whereby their attempt at entry will be greeted with barriers. The conception that there are traditional roles for men and women is countermanded byte fact that fully one-third of Finnish and American entrepreneurs are women, as just one singular example (International Labour Office,2004). The concept of segregation in the workplace has many differing forms and varieties, but it is what it is, segregation. And that fosters the climate that continues the attitudinal as well as prejudicial underpinnings that contribute to the view of womanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s careers as being predisposed to a certain limited sphere as well as inequality. Pascale differences, the conception that certain careers are better suited to women, the disproportionate skew of males in managerial positions as well as the predominate concentrations of females in certain professions and industries reinforce this environment to the detriment of all. Chapter 3 Attitudes Toward Women at Work As pointed out in Chapter 3 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Segregation in the Workplace, certain predefined ideas and conceptions provide the basis that fosters and continues the notion that varied occupations are better suited to women or men. This thinking helps to create an attitudinal atmosphere that reinforces itself in spite of there being proof to the contrary. Evening what we like to think of as our modern and progressive societies of the new millennium, much of the same limited and outdated thinking that existed prior to the 1940Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s is still with us, and in spite of all of the legislation, feminist movements and understanding of equal rights, progress in terms of changing or evolving peopleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s minds has been slowing coming. The aforementioned Ã¢â‚¬Ëœglass ceilingÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ atmosphere is a pervasive climate that permeates throughout the work environment. Its visual manifestations in terms of the male dominated professions and management positions are consistent reminders of the way things are, as well as the way things were. Thus, an examination of attitudes concerning women at work is linked to segregation in the workplace as well as other concepts as they are inexorably tied to one another. The most disturbing examples of attitudes with regard to women at work arise discrimination and sexual harassment, both outgrowths of segregation in the workplace. 3.1 Looking Under the Surface Oddly, the Allies would most likely not have won World War I without women. Not because they were nurses, functioned as telephone operators or were basically secretaries to generals and prime ministers, but because they welded tanks, made munitions, drove tractor-trailers, operated heavy machinery and performed all manner of traditionally male jobs (Wikipedia, 2005). With such a breakthrough in thinking as well as demonstration of female aptitude one would wonders to why the questions of discrimination, work place segregation and unequal pay scales are still with us, yet they are. Once again, the roots of such odd thinking can be traced back to patriarchy, which comes from ancient Greece whereby patria Thus the ramifications of continued second class citizenship with regard to participation in the work force must be explained by ingrained societal foundations, and this is the rationale for the examination of the word patriarchy. Given its foundation of ruler, archer, the platform for at least a partial explanation of the struggle women still face in the workplace seems to have a basis. The foregoing when combined with the Ã¢â‚¬Ëœglass ceilingÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ effect and unequal wage scales brings forth the fact that there is de facto sex discrimination, and these practices create the view that sees women as secondary, or less important workers and individuals. Article 20 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights, which was enacted in 2000, states that everyone is equal in terms of the law and Article 21 of that legislation states(Silver, 2003): Ã¢â‚¬Å"Any discrimination based on any ground such as sex, race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age or sexual orientation shall be prohibitedÃ¢â‚¬ The European Charter of Fundamental Rights goes on to add in Article23 that it is understood that it recognizes equality between men and women as being (Silver, 2003): Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ in all areas, including employment, work and pay, without preventing measures providing for specific advantages in favour of thunder-represented sexÃ¢â‚¬ The language as well as intent leaves no room for misinterpretation with regard to the stance of the European Union and thus the obligations of all member nations. The problem with the foregoing is that it had to be legislated rather than being a part of the social fabric. And, as it is with all regulations, laws and legislation, penalties form the basis for compliance where common sense and morality do not prevail. Once again, the ingrained thinking of centuries of cultural and traditional foundations of patriarchal societies is at work slowing the process. And while there has been and is progress in terms of the opportunities open to women, these areas pale in comparison to the overall number taken as a whole. The International Labour Organization (2003) found that while women represent forty present (40%) of the labour force, their proportion of managerial positions is fewer than twenty present (20%). Its studies also uncovered that the higher the management position, the less women are represented. The latest figures on top corporate positions found that women constituted just a 2 to 3 present representation (International Labour Organization, 2003, p-5). The preceding, while limited to managerial considerations, is clear indication of the prevailing attitude in the workplace regarding careers involving women. It points to the Ã¢â‚¬Ëœglass ceilingÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ effect and the fact that within the structures as well as processes of society and organizations that there is inherent discrimination that transcends legislation through the application of slow and frustrating practices. The correlation of attitudes in the workplace is best exemplified through what is and has transpired as a result of historical employment patterns. Developed economies such as the United Kingdom and Switzerland report that slightly over ten present (10%) and twelve present (12%), respectively, of executives in these countries were women as of 1999 (International Labour Organization, 2003, p-6). And while there have been increases in the level of managerial positions held by women, the overall percentage increase has been in the range of1 through 3 present. 3.2 Statistical Evidence Statistical evidence has been utilized to illustrate that the workplace attitudes concerning women has been and is slow to change. In the United Kingdom a survey conducted by the Equal Opportunities Commission(2006) indicated that while females have been outperforming males in education and that they statistically outnumber males in institutions of higher learning, they represent just: nine present (9%) of the senior judiciary, ten present (10%) of senior police officers, and thirteen present (13%) of national newspaper editors The overall consensus reached by the survey is that there has been little progress or change since the Equal Opportunity Commission first published its findings in 2004. The lack of any meaningful progress in women achieving managerial positions has been utilized as a bell weather to gauge attitudes and indicates that social, cultural and economic variables, as well as wage scales, that are clear indicators with respect to the fact that the workplace attitudes concerning women still sees them in secondary rather than equal roles. Chapter 4 Legislation Concerning Gender and Employment The European Union passed the Equal Pay Act in 1970, which marked its first legislation on discrimination. Society was different in that period than it is now and in some ways it remains the same. The gender divide is still present and research has shown that there is little difference in a reduction of the wage gap. The fact that the European Union has been diligent in its understanding and approach to the facets of inequality, discrimination in all forms, equal pay, employment equality, sexual harassment, and sex discrimination means that there are other factors inhibiting the objective of attaining improvements in these areas. In order to understand what has transpired in terms of society and legislation, a comparative examination of the 30 year period that represents the enactment of the Equal Pay Act of 1970 and today shall attempt to identify the factors inhibiting progress in the achievement of the aims of legislation designed to eliminate the aforementioned inequities. 4.1 Equal Pay Act of 1970 (Equal Opportunity Commission, 2005) The Act makes it unlawful for employers to discriminate in the workplace between males and females with regard to their rate of payment when they are engaged in the same as well as similar work, work that is rated as being equivalent and or work that is of equal value. The key provision is that the Act refers to comparisons for the preceding between individuals of the opposite sex. When the Act was passed in 1970 the wage gap between males and females stood as thirty-seven present (37%) (Woman and Equality, 2006). By the time the Act became law in 1975 the wage gap had reduced to thirty present(30%), and presently it stands at seventeen present (17%) (Equal Opportunity Commission, 2005). The Act provides both men as well as women to equal payment in terms of the contract for employment and provides for coverage for piecework, quotas, bonuses, sick leave and holidays. Enhancements to the Act under European Law have extended the range of coverage to redundancy payments, concessions for travel, pensions handled by employers and to occupational benefits under pension plans administered by employers. The Equal Pay Act was the first as well as most important piece of legislation in that it immediately addressed the issue of compensation that covered every male and female within the jurisdiction of the European Union. And while being a landmark piece of legislation in terms of seeking to level the playing field for women, the Act also contains provisions that provide employers with a defence concerning pay differences. It states that employers do not have to pay the same wages as well as benefits for equal work if they can effectively prove that the difference on wages is a factor unrelated toe difference in sex. It also provides for the fact that differing geographic locations might serve as grounds, as well as specialized recruitment for particular positions and the requirement or need to retain workers that perform or occupy particular positions. 4.2 Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation (International Labour Organization, 2006) As referred to as Ã¢â‚¬Ëœgender equalityÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ Directive 76/207, which was amended by Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 of the European Commission Treaty, it sets forth the foundations and regulations concerning equal treatment in terms of: 1. access to employment 2. self-employment and occupation, 3. working conditions, and 4. vocational training The framework that the Directive set down terms and conditions that identified discrimination on the basis of: religion or belief, and age or sexual orientation, with regard to employment as well as occupation, thus putting into effect in the European Union states principles of equal treatment as long as the preceding does is not as a result of discrimination based upon sex, which is legislated under the Sex Discrimination Act. And while this piece of legislation is not directly linked to considerations based upon sexual orientation, it does represent a broad context that broadens the scope of the European UnionÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s legislative powers in these areas and as such constitutes a supporting role in the specific mandates that affect women. As covered under Chapter 3 -Attitudes Toward Women at Work, societal, traditions and cultural foundations help to shape individual as well as corporate thinking. As such the attack on prejudice needs to take a direct frontal approach as well as from angles to centralize and focus in on the problem or unequal treatment as a concept, condition and principle. Sex Discrimination Act, as amended, of 1976 (Equal Opportunity Commission, 2002) The Act provides for the fact that individuals must have legal protection with regard to harassment and sexual harassment in employment as well as vocational training. The Act defines harassments: Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ where unwanted conduct related to the sex of a person occurs with the purpose of violating the dignity of a person and of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environmentÃ¢â‚¬ . (Equal Opportunity Commission, 2002) And in terms of the Act, sexual harassment is defined as: Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ where any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of sexual nature occursÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Equal Opportunity Commission, 2002) The preceding refers to when the foregoing violates the dignity of an individual when in particular such creates a hostile, degrading, offensive and or humiliating environment. In the United Kingdom the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 is the singular statute dealing specifically with this subject. It makes it a criminal offence for someone to engage in or pursue a course of conduct, this includes speech, which amounts to the harassment of another individual. Under the UK Harassment Act, harassment is defined as: Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a course of conduct which amounts to harassment of another, and which he knows or ought to have known amounts to the harassment of anotherÃ¢â‚¬ (Equal Opportunity Commission, 2002) The laws of the European Union clearly set forth the conditions, circumstances and legal ramifications of equal pay, sex discrimination, harassment and gender equality in its position to create compliance with modern societal thinking and correctness. The heart of the principle is that a law is: 1. A rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement or authority. 2. a. The body of rules and principles governing affairsÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ b. The condition of social order and justice created by adherence to such a system Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. A piece of enacted legislation Ã¢â‚¬ (Houghton Mifflin, 2006) The preceding provides the explanation as to why such legislation is needed. And while there is great debate on the subject, the purpose of government is to protect individual rights and to preserve justice(Wikipedia, 2006). And as it is with any societal system, the prevailing view as well as wisdom changes as thinking evolves. The underlying foundations upon which western societies are primarily built upon are patriarchal and religious precepts. As discussed in Chapter 1Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Introduction, the rights of women were scant and subject to the subjugation of males under Roman law, the church and ancient as well as medieval laws. Since legislation for Equal Pay was only enacted in 1970in the European Union it seems to indicate that medieval principles were still at work in our modern age and apparently still at work in that equal pay, attitudes toward women at work and enacted legislation has made progress, but still represents a prime topic of discussion thirty years later. Chapter 5 The Differences Between Men and Women The biological and social constructions of men and women are known to have scientific basis with respect to differences. The notion that we are all created equal is a truth of the human experience, but within that equality, men and women differ in many aspects. The question in the context of women and their career roles with respect to a work and life balance is, does that difference equate some type of advantage, disadvantage or no applicable correlation with regard to that context? 5.1 The Perception of Differences A recent scientific discovery indicated that there are 789 different genes that separate men from women (BBC News, 2003), but the study could not detail what they do or the reasons as to what the differences that these genes might hold. And the foregoing represents the point. There are both differences as well as similarities between the sexes that are identified as a result of psychological differen Gender Differences in the Workforce Gender Differences in the Workforce The contention that womenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s roles in having a career results in the creation of a problem with regard to them achieving a balance between their work and lives finds its roots in the rights and equality issues women have faced throughout the ages. The subject is not a contemporary one, although this tends to be the common perception due to scant references to resources dating back centuries as a result of either suppression or the lack of relevant data in books. In fact, such information is available via research in many journals and letters. The sources of the conception that a womanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s career somehow takes second precedence to being a wife, mother or homemaker are founded in a number of myths, prejudicial thinking, misguided notions and historical contexts that have fostered them as second class citizens. A large percentage of feminists believe that the status of women being regarded as second-class citizens is a result of patriarchy being the foundation that modern society was built upon and that this fostered thinking, attitudes and conceptions that relegated them to secondary roles instead of being regarded as equals. The foregoing notion(s) shall be examined from a number of standpoints to clarify the unenlightened views held by some in this regard. The examination will not be conducted from a feminist point of view, nor shall it seek to explain prevailing views, it shall instead present the relevant facts which the conclusions shall be drawn from. The simple truth is that women have been balancing multiple roles through history and the insertion of the role of career can be equated to any number of functions that they have performed and accomplished. Chapter 1 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Introduction 1.1 Background In order to set the context for the discussion regarding the contention that womenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s roles in having careers poses a problem in their achieving balance between work and life, the first salient fact that needs tube established is that women constitute 3,209,000,000 of the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s total population estimate of 6,477,450,857 (Population Reference Bureau, 2006). This means that the under utilization of women represents a 50% reduction in the number of available individuals that can make a contribution in professional terms. Chart 1 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Education Variables Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Women (Population Reference Bureau, 2006) Demographic Variable Country Data Women All Ages, 2005 World 3,209,000,000 All Educational Variables Literacy Women as % of Literate Men, Ages 15-24, 2000-04 World 92 Secondary School Enrolment, Female, 2000-03 (as % of school-age enrolment) World 93 As the preceding chart indicates, the slight difference in overall literacy rates does not put women at a disadvantage in terms of educational qualifications, yet their unemployment rate remains considerably higher proportionally. As shown from the following chart, women comprise approximately 40% of todayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s work force yet their participation rates indicate bias (see Chart 3 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Male and Female Labour Force Participation Rates and the Gender Gap in Economically Active Females per 100 Males, 2003): Chart 2 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Global Labour Market Indicators / 1993 and 2003 (International Labour Organization, 2004) Female Male Total 1993 2003 1993 2003 1993 2003 Labour force (millions) 1,006 1,208 1,507 1,769 2,513 2,978 Employment (millions) 948 1,130 1,425 1,661 2,373 2,792 Unemployment (millions) 58.2 77.8 82.3 108.1 140.5 185.9 Labour force participation rate (%) 53.5 53.9 80.5 79.4 67.0 66.6 Employment-to-population ratio (%) 50.4 50.5 76.1 74.5 63.3 62.5 Unemployment rate (%) 5.8 6.4 5.5 6.1 5.6 6.2 Chart 3 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Male and Female Labour Force Participation Rates and the Gender Gap in Economically Active Females per 100 Males, 2003 (International Labour Organization, 2004) Male LFPR Female LFPR Gender Gap in Economically Active Females per 100 Males World 79.4 53.9 68 Middle East and North Africa 76.8 28.2 36 South Asia 81.1 37.4 44 Latin America and the Caribbean 80.5 49.2 64 Industrialized Economies 70.3 50.5 76 Transition Economies 65.7 53.1 91 South-East Asia 82.9 60.5 75 Sub-Saharan Africa 85.3 63.2 77 East Asia 85.1 73.1 83 When wages are factored into the preceding figures, the picture of bias with respect to employed women takes on additional meaning. Chart 4 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Percentage Change in Real Wages/Earnings, Men and Women for Selected Occupations. (International Labour Organization, 2004) Accountant Computer First- Labourer Professional Welder (in banking) programmer Level in nurse in metal in education construction Manu- insurance teacher factoring F M F M F M F M F M F M Bahrain (1993-98) 16 1161 near near -7 131 36 24 1n.a.1 1n.a1 1n.a.1 1n.a1 Belarus (1996-2000) near near near near 100 35 307 323 near near near near Cyprus (1990-2001) near near 44 60 23 12 49 37 26 9 near near Finland (1990-1999) 67 96 44 66 -7 -4 1 8 -7 -6 -10 -1 Jordan (1988-1997) 29 20 -63 -51 25 13 near near -21 -17 near near Korea, Republic of (1990-2001) 91 46 94 73 29 60 115 37 71 229 46 49 Kyrgyzstan (1998-2001) 4 -26 near near -14 -39 4 20 -19 -32 near near Latvia (1997-2001) 39 31 561 142 82 45 36 18 60 33 1 26 Peru (1997-2001) 15 35 -13 -20 34 37 near near near near near near Poland (1998-2001) 28 31 103 70 53 53 13 20 26 29 45 25 Romania (1995-2001) 126 73 1 38 -7 -6 -19 -24 27 17 -22 -20 Singapore (1995-2000) -3 -24 24 43 near near 26 16 9 24 24 19 United Kingdom (1996-2001) 16 1 9 near near near near near near 10 12 near near United States (1990-2000) 9 12 15 6 4 14 near near -2 10 near near From the foregoing it appears that the problem with womenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s roles in having a career is the problem that is perceived by others rather than women themselves. The preceding statement is made as a result of the purely statistical information which clearly shows that women want to work and have the basic educational background(s), however wages are a reflection of a perceived difference even when gauged against the same profession. Therefore, there must be other forces, explanations, perceptions and aspects at work. In order to understand the environments outlined by the preceding, it will be necessary to delve into social, gender, historical, economic and other areas in order to develop an understanding of what is at work in even asking the question, as well as answering it. For if the preceding did not consist of underlying causes, then the need to examine the phenomenon would not exist. The foregoing brings us to areas of examination that at first glance might seem disconnected from the context, but in reality are revealing looks into legislative, sociological, cultural, historical and aspects that aid in providing not just facts, but insight as a result of reviewing them in combination as statistical data and appropriate legislation are a result of changing societal views. But legislation alone cannot cause individuals to evolve their views, and herein lies the problem as there are countless examples where the spirit of the law has been subjugated and artificial barriers created or utilized. The preceding are events, circumstances and outgrowths that are not the product of womenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s careers being the problem, these are other forces at work making it a problem. 1.2 Historical Perspectives Historically women have managed, just as males have, to multi task. The example of the working male who engages in sports, hunting, boating, wood working, and running multiple businesses does not raise the question as to whether they are neglecting or failing to provide their families with enough fathering time. This is a result of patriarchy which means in literal terms that males make the decisions as a result of them being the dominant aspect in political as well asocial affairs. But, more importantly males own and run the corporations by and large, as well as are dominant in political, military and other manifestations of power. Therefore, whether one elects to think of society at large being patriarchal, it in fact is. Hence, the preceding fosters underlying, hidden and historical perceptions regarding the roles of men and women as established centuries ago. Support for the preceding view can be traced back to Roman law during the period defined as Augustus to Justinian, as represented by27 B.C. to 527 A.D. A Roman woman was regarded as legally capable at the age of thirteen whereby she was permitted to draw up a will(Hacker, 2004). The foregoing however was bound by the condition that she could do so under supervision. Supervision was deemed to either bathe femaleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s father, male guardian of husband and their consent was essential in order for the will to be executed. The preceding stipulation of male consent remained as a condition over a Roman womanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s life regardless of her age. This condition was explained as being a result of their Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ unsteadiness of characterÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ã¢â‚¬Å"the weakness of the sexÃ¢â‚¬ , and Ã¢â‚¬Å"ignorance of legal mattersÃ¢â‚¬ (Hacker, 2004, p-3). Evidence of subjugation can also be found in Church history. Canon law states that a wife must be submissive to her husband and that she could not cut off her hair under penalty of excommunication (Hecker,2004, p-9). And in the case of Joan of Arc, it was her breaking of the law stating that a woman who wore menÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s garments was accursed, that was one of the charges that resulted in her being burned at the stake(Hacker, 2004, p-9). Similar examples can also be found in British law where under older common law a husband had the authority to Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ correct and chastise his wifeÃ¢â‚¬ (Hacker, 2004, p-11). The preceding examples are a few of the historical foundations that patriarchy has been built upon and hence the underlying foundation from which the subject of womanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s career roles emanates. Chapter 2 Ã¢â‚¬â€œSegregation in the Workplace 2.1 Segregation Segregation in the workplace constitutes a phenomenon that is linked to sex discrimination, the glass ceiling, patriarchy and unequal wages in that it reinforces stereotyped views, attitudes and traditions. Resin (1984) states that work related sex segregation can be characterized in the following manner, the first is through norms that separate sexes into separate spheres, such as the predominance of females in domestic work and males in construction, and via functional separation whereby males and females do different work in the same work setting. Segregation in the workplace is a further subtle reinforcement of inequality that slowly permeates the conscientiousness of both males and females into accepting this abnormality as being normal. A review of segregation in the workplace in terms of its manifestations shall be examined from a neutral stance in order to gauge perspectives from both sides of the equation. Such will be done from a factual information based perspective. The subject of segregation in the workplace with regard to women is also termed as the Ã¢â‚¬ËœGlass CeilingÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. This phrase was developed in the United States during the 1970Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s to describe artificial and invisible barriers that were and are created as a result of organizational and attitudinal prejudices that serve to prevent women from assuming top positions in the workplace (Wirth, 2001). As the most visible and publicized example of discrimination and the segregation of women in the work place, the exclusion of females from top positions within corporations is clearly evident by the fact that they hold just 2 to 3 percent of the top positions. Linda Wirth (2001) has stated that women have not reached top positions in major companies and that the foregoing has nothing to do with their lack of abilities. The International Labour Organization (Chart 5) indicates that around fifty percent (59%) of all women are positioned in occupations that cane be termed sex stereotyped. The preceding term is defined as meaning that approximately eighty present (89%) of the workers within these occupations are either males or females whereas management is primarily male dominated position. Chart 5 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ WomenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Share of Administrative Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Managerial Positions and Their Share of Total Employment, 1994-1995 (Wirth, 2001, p 193) Country Administrative and Managerial Jobs (%) Total Employment (%) Australia 43 42 Austria 22 43 Chile 20 32 Costa Rica 23 30 Ecuador 28 38 Egypt 12 20 Finland 25 47 Israel 19 42 Japan 9 41 Malaysia 19 34 Mexico 20 32 Norway 32 46 Paraguay 23 41 Philippines 33 37 Sri Lanka 17 48 Switzerland 28 40 Turkey 10 30 United Kingdom 33 45 United States 43 46 Uruguay 28 41 Venezuela 23 33 The preceding is an example of how segregation in the workplace extends into wage inequality as well as job satisfaction in that there is a cap on the level of advancement which women can generally aspire to thus slowly dampening their drive and determination in the face of subtle hurdles. Given the predominance of male positioned managers, executives and directors only the most dedicated and brightest of females manage to reach top positions where they still remain underpaid and suffer forms of discrimination in a male dominated environment. The definitive example of work segregation is found in the manner in which men and women are paid for the same work. Chart 4, Percentage Change in Real Wages/Earnings, Men and Women for Selected Occupations, revealed that the fact there has been and is a percentage change in real wage earnings for men and women in selected occupations, means that there was wage disparity in the first place (International Labour Organization, 2004). The idea of traditional occupations represents one of the most pervasive forms of segregation in work whereby males are thought to be either innately qualified or predisposed to work in certain industries. An example of the preceding is demonstrated by the findings of the Equal Opportunities Commission in Scotland based upon research conducted by Caledonian University in Glasgow. Said study found that there are barriers to younger adults pursuing certain career choices and that these include the negative feedback and or attitudes of family, friends and more particularly employers (BBC News, 2005). Said study pointed to the fact that there were just forty-one female apprentices in the entire country that were actively engaged in pursuing a construction career., and only fifty in engineering (BBCNews, 2005). On the opposite side of the coin the same study revealed that just 15 males were pursuing careers as apprentices in childcare. The report concluded that the barriers concerning the recruitment of males for that occupation were the low pay and attitudes of end users regarding the suitability of males in such roles (BBC News, 2005). 2.2 Gender Segregation Gender segregation represents a real issue that is neither subtle nor hidden, yet defies the concept of discrimination in that it prevents females from assuming careers that tend to fall outside of what is either considered feminine or represent male dominated areas whereby their attempt at entry will be greeted with barriers. The conception that there are traditional roles for men and women is countermanded byte fact that fully one-third of Finnish and American entrepreneurs are women, as just one singular example (International Labour Office,2004). The concept of segregation in the workplace has many differing forms and varieties, but it is what it is, segregation. And that fosters the climate that continues the attitudinal as well as prejudicial underpinnings that contribute to the view of womanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s careers as being predisposed to a certain limited sphere as well as inequality. Pascale differences, the conception that certain careers are better suited to women, the disproportionate skew of males in managerial positions as well as the predominate concentrations of females in certain professions and industries reinforce this environment to the detriment of all. Chapter 3 Attitudes Toward Women at Work As pointed out in Chapter 3 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Segregation in the Workplace, certain predefined ideas and conceptions provide the basis that fosters and continues the notion that varied occupations are better suited to women or men. This thinking helps to create an attitudinal atmosphere that reinforces itself in spite of there being proof to the contrary. Evening what we like to think of as our modern and progressive societies of the new millennium, much of the same limited and outdated thinking that existed prior to the 1940Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s is still with us, and in spite of all of the legislation, feminist movements and understanding of equal rights, progress in terms of changing or evolving peopleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s minds has been slowing coming. The aforementioned Ã¢â‚¬Ëœglass ceilingÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ atmosphere is a pervasive climate that permeates throughout the work environment. Its visual manifestations in terms of the male dominated professions and management positions are consistent reminders of the way things are, as well as the way things were. Thus, an examination of attitudes concerning women at work is linked to segregation in the workplace as well as other concepts as they are inexorably tied to one another. The most disturbing examples of attitudes with regard to women at work arise discrimination and sexual harassment, both outgrowths of segregation in the workplace. 3.1 Looking Under the Surface Oddly, the Allies would most likely not have won World War I without women. Not because they were nurses, functioned as telephone operators or were basically secretaries to generals and prime ministers, but because they welded tanks, made munitions, drove tractor-trailers, operated heavy machinery and performed all manner of traditionally male jobs (Wikipedia, 2005). With such a breakthrough in thinking as well as demonstration of female aptitude one would wonders to why the questions of discrimination, work place segregation and unequal pay scales are still with us, yet they are. Once again, the roots of such odd thinking can be traced back to patriarchy, which comes from ancient Greece whereby patria Thus the ramifications of continued second class citizenship with regard to participation in the work force must be explained by ingrained societal foundations, and this is the rationale for the examination of the word patriarchy. Given its foundation of ruler, archer, the platform for at least a partial explanation of the struggle women still face in the workplace seems to have a basis. The foregoing when combined with the Ã¢â‚¬Ëœglass ceilingÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ effect and unequal wage scales brings forth the fact that there is de facto sex discrimination, and these practices create the view that sees women as secondary, or less important workers and individuals. Article 20 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights, which was enacted in 2000, states that everyone is equal in terms of the law and Article 21 of that legislation states(Silver, 2003): Ã¢â‚¬Å"Any discrimination based on any ground such as sex, race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age or sexual orientation shall be prohibitedÃ¢â‚¬ The European Charter of Fundamental Rights goes on to add in Article23 that it is understood that it recognizes equality between men and women as being (Silver, 2003): Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ in all areas, including employment, work and pay, without preventing measures providing for specific advantages in favour of thunder-represented sexÃ¢â‚¬ The language as well as intent leaves no room for misinterpretation with regard to the stance of the European Union and thus the obligations of all member nations. The problem with the foregoing is that it had to be legislated rather than being a part of the social fabric. And, as it is with all regulations, laws and legislation, penalties form the basis for compliance where common sense and morality do not prevail. Once again, the ingrained thinking of centuries of cultural and traditional foundations of patriarchal societies is at work slowing the process. And while there has been and is progress in terms of the opportunities open to women, these areas pale in comparison to the overall number taken as a whole. The International Labour Organization (2003) found that while women represent forty present (40%) of the labour force, their proportion of managerial positions is fewer than twenty present (20%). Its studies also uncovered that the higher the management position, the less women are represented. The latest figures on top corporate positions found that women constituted just a 2 to 3 present representation (International Labour Organization, 2003, p-5). The preceding, while limited to managerial considerations, is clear indication of the prevailing attitude in the workplace regarding careers involving women. It points to the Ã¢â‚¬Ëœglass ceilingÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ effect and the fact that within the structures as well as processes of society and organizations that there is inherent discrimination that transcends legislation through the application of slow and frustrating practices. The correlation of attitudes in the workplace is best exemplified through what is and has transpired as a result of historical employment patterns. Developed economies such as the United Kingdom and Switzerland report that slightly over ten present (10%) and twelve present (12%), respectively, of executives in these countries were women as of 1999 (International Labour Organization, 2003, p-6). And while there have been increases in the level of managerial positions held by women, the overall percentage increase has been in the range of1 through 3 present. 3.2 Statistical Evidence Statistical evidence has been utilized to illustrate that the workplace attitudes concerning women has been and is slow to change. In the United Kingdom a survey conducted by the Equal Opportunities Commission(2006) indicated that while females have been outperforming males in education and that they statistically outnumber males in institutions of higher learning, they represent just: nine present (9%) of the senior judiciary, ten present (10%) of senior police officers, and thirteen present (13%) of national newspaper editors The overall consensus reached by the survey is that there has been little progress or change since the Equal Opportunity Commission first published its findings in 2004. The lack of any meaningful progress in women achieving managerial positions has been utilized as a bell weather to gauge attitudes and indicates that social, cultural and economic variables, as well as wage scales, that are clear indicators with respect to the fact that the workplace attitudes concerning women still sees them in secondary rather than equal roles. Chapter 4 Legislation Concerning Gender and Employment The European Union passed the Equal Pay Act in 1970, which marked its first legislation on discrimination. Society was different in that period than it is now and in some ways it remains the same. The gender divide is still present and research has shown that there is little difference in a reduction of the wage gap. The fact that the European Union has been diligent in its understanding and approach to the facets of inequality, discrimination in all forms, equal pay, employment equality, sexual harassment, and sex discrimination means that there are other factors inhibiting the objective of attaining improvements in these areas. In order to understand what has transpired in terms of society and legislation, a comparative examination of the 30 year period that represents the enactment of the Equal Pay Act of 1970 and today shall attempt to identify the factors inhibiting progress in the achievement of the aims of legislation designed to eliminate the aforementioned inequities. 4.1 Equal Pay Act of 1970 (Equal Opportunity Commission, 2005) The Act makes it unlawful for employers to discriminate in the workplace between males and females with regard to their rate of payment when they are engaged in the same as well as similar work, work that is rated as being equivalent and or work that is of equal value. The key provision is that the Act refers to comparisons for the preceding between individuals of the opposite sex. When the Act was passed in 1970 the wage gap between males and females stood as thirty-seven present (37%) (Woman and Equality, 2006). By the time the Act became law in 1975 the wage gap had reduced to thirty present(30%), and presently it stands at seventeen present (17%) (Equal Opportunity Commission, 2005). The Act provides both men as well as women to equal payment in terms of the contract for employment and provides for coverage for piecework, quotas, bonuses, sick leave and holidays. Enhancements to the Act under European Law have extended the range of coverage to redundancy payments, concessions for travel, pensions handled by employers and to occupational benefits under pension plans administered by employers. The Equal Pay Act was the first as well as most important piece of legislation in that it immediately addressed the issue of compensation that covered every male and female within the jurisdiction of the European Union. And while being a landmark piece of legislation in terms of seeking to level the playing field for women, the Act also contains provisions that provide employers with a defence concerning pay differences. It states that employers do not have to pay the same wages as well as benefits for equal work if they can effectively prove that the difference on wages is a factor unrelated toe difference in sex. It also provides for the fact that differing geographic locations might serve as grounds, as well as specialized recruitment for particular positions and the requirement or need to retain workers that perform or occupy particular positions. 4.2 Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation (International Labour Organization, 2006) As referred to as Ã¢â‚¬Ëœgender equalityÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ Directive 76/207, which was amended by Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 of the European Commission Treaty, it sets forth the foundations and regulations concerning equal treatment in terms of: 1. access to employment 2. self-employment and occupation, 3. working conditions, and 4. vocational training The framework that the Directive set down terms and conditions that identified discrimination on the basis of: religion or belief, and age or sexual orientation, with regard to employment as well as occupation, thus putting into effect in the European Union states principles of equal treatment as long as the preceding does is not as a result of discrimination based upon sex, which is legislated under the Sex Discrimination Act. And while this piece of legislation is not directly linked to considerations based upon sexual orientation, it does represent a broad context that broadens the scope of the European UnionÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s legislative powers in these areas and as such constitutes a supporting role in the specific mandates that affect women. As covered under Chapter 3 -Attitudes Toward Women at Work, societal, traditions and cultural foundations help to shape individual as well as corporate thinking. As such the attack on prejudice needs to take a direct frontal approach as well as from angles to centralize and focus in on the problem or unequal treatment as a concept, condition and principle. Sex Discrimination Act, as amended, of 1976 (Equal Opportunity Commission, 2002) The Act provides for the fact that individuals must have legal protection with regard to harassment and sexual harassment in employment as well as vocational training. The Act defines harassments: Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ where unwanted conduct related to the sex of a person occurs with the purpose of violating the dignity of a person and of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environmentÃ¢â‚¬ . (Equal Opportunity Commission, 2002) And in terms of the Act, sexual harassment is defined as: Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ where any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of sexual nature occursÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Equal Opportunity Commission, 2002) The preceding refers to when the foregoing violates the dignity of an individual when in particular such creates a hostile, degrading, offensive and or humiliating environment. In the United Kingdom the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 is the singular statute dealing specifically with this subject. It makes it a criminal offence for someone to engage in or pursue a course of conduct, this includes speech, which amounts to the harassment of another individual. Under the UK Harassment Act, harassment is defined as: Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a course of conduct which amounts to harassment of another, and which he knows or ought to have known amounts to the harassment of anotherÃ¢â‚¬ (Equal Opportunity Commission, 2002) The laws of the European Union clearly set forth the conditions, circumstances and legal ramifications of equal pay, sex discrimination, harassment and gender equality in its position to create compliance with modern societal thinking and correctness. The heart of the principle is that a law is: 1. A rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement or authority. 2. a. The body of rules and principles governing affairsÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ b. The condition of social order and justice created by adherence to such a system Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. A piece of enacted legislation Ã¢â‚¬ (Houghton Mifflin, 2006) The preceding provides the explanation as to why such legislation is needed. And while there is great debate on the subject, the purpose of government is to protect individual rights and to preserve justice(Wikipedia, 2006). And as it is with any societal system, the prevailing view as well as wisdom changes as thinking evolves. The underlying foundations upon which western societies are primarily built upon are patriarchal and religious precepts. As discussed in Chapter 1Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Introduction, the rights of women were scant and subject to the subjugation of males under Roman law, the church and ancient as well as medieval laws. Since legislation for Equal Pay was only enacted in 1970in the European Union it seems to indicate that medieval principles were still at work in our modern age and apparently still at work in that equal pay, attitudes toward women at work and enacted legislation has made progress, but still represents a prime topic of discussion thirty years later. Chapter 5 The Differences Between Men and Women The biological and social constructions of men and women are known to have scientific basis with respect to differences. The notion that we are all created equal is a truth of the human experience, but within that equality, men and women differ in many aspects. The question in the context of women and their career roles with respect to a work and life balance is, does that difference equate some type of advantage, disadvantage or no applicable correlation with regard to that context? 5.1 The Perception of Differences A recent scientific discovery indicated that there are 789 different genes that separate men from women (BBC News, 2003), but the study could not detail what they do or the reasons as to what the differences that these genes might hold. And the foregoing represents the point. There are both differences as well as similarities between the sexes that are identified as a result of psychological differen